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1、Business Ethics,Unit 4,Warm-up,What is Ethics?,Good vs BadRight vs WrongFair vs UnfairPraise vs Blame,Ethics is concerned with the following:,ethics vs morality,The difference between ethics and morals can seem somewhat arbitrary to many,but there is a basic,albeit subtle,difference.Morals define pe
2、rsonal character,while ethics stress a social system in which those morals are applied.In other words,ethics point to standards or codes of behavior expected by the group to which the individual belongs.This could be national ethics,social ethics,company ethics,professional ethics,or even family eth
3、ics.So while a persons moral code is usually unchanging,the ethics he or she practices can be other-dependent.,When considering the difference between ethics and morals,it may be helpful to consider a criminal defense lawyer.Though the lawyers personal moral code likely finds murder immoral and repr
4、ehensible,ethics demand the accused client be defended as vigorously as possible,even when the lawyer knows the party is guilty,even at the expense of setting him free possibly to murder again.,Task I:Pair work-ethics and professions,Professional ethics are equally necessary and important in every i
5、ndustry.However,certain professions have higher ethics standards and ethical requirements;these professionals are expected to have personal ethical obligations,in addition to a duty of loyalty to their employer or client,but sometimes these personal ethical obligations collide with the desires of th
6、eir own manager or employer.Discuss with your neighbor and find out what these professions are and the reason why.,Golden rule:Do unto others as you would have them do unto youImmanuel Kants categorical imperative:If an action is not right for everyone to take,then it is not right for anyone,Discuss
7、ion:Principles of ethics,Descartes rule of change:If an action cannot be taken repeatedly,then it is not right to be taken at any timeUtilitarian principle:Put values in rank order and understand consequences of various courses of action,Task II:Discussion-Principles of ethics,Risk aversion principl
8、e:Take the action that produces the least harm or incurs the least costEthical“no free lunch”rule:All tangible and intangible objects are owned by creator who wants compensation for the work,Discussion:Principles of ethics,Discussion,Here we have some cases on Pp 86;discuss with your groupmates and
9、try to address these problems in reference to the above-mentioned ethical principles.Note:for each of the cases,more than one principle are applicable.,Task III:Listening and Discussion-Can ethics be taught?,The state of ethics in educational institutions does not look good An American Survey=59%adm
10、it to cheating,only 19%would report a cheaterUniversity of Maryland students cheated on accounting exam via text messages on their cell phonesStudent feel competitive pressures and primacy of test scores/grades as causes,Listening:Can you teach ethics?,While listening,please take notes and find out
11、the answers to the following questions:Why do professors mentioned in the video believe that ethics cannot be taught?According to the speaker,when can we make the best ethical decision?,Listening:Can you teach ethics?,Why do ethics professors mentioned in the video believe that ethics cannot be taug
12、ht?They believe values are strongly related to behavior;ethics is more caught than taught.People often follow what others do rather than what others say.2.According to the speaker,when can we make the best ethical decision?When you are sure that you have the right folks around you and the right valu
13、es in place.,Discussion:our experiences!,Discuss with your groupmates based on the video and the news report(handout):Have you taken any courses related to ethics in university?If yes,do you think they are effective?In your opinion,can ethics be taught?,Business Ethics,Ethics is the study of our web
14、 relationships with others.Companies do not operate in a vacuum but rather are plunged in a universe of relationships with multiple stakeholders.Business Ethics means conducting all aspects of business and dealing with all stakeholders in an ethical manner,What does this cartoon imply?,Intensive Rea
15、ding:,A Reflection on Business Ethics,Whether Lao-tse,Confucius,the writers of the gospels,or the Fathers of the Church like Augustine or Thomas of Aquinas:they all have comparable concepts of what is good and bad human behavior and what constitutes sensible human existence.(para.1),*gospel:the four
16、 books in the New Testament(Matthew,Mark,Luke,and John)that tell the story of Christs life and teachings 新约圣经四福书之一，福音*Fathers of the Church:were early and influential theologians,eminent Christian teachers and great bishops.Their scholarly works were used as a precedent for centuries to come.The ter
17、m was used of writers and teachers of the Church,not necessarily saints.e.g.Thomas of Aquinas(ca.1225 7 March 1274)was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church in the Dominican Order,and an immensely influential philosopher and theologian in the tradition of scholasticism,known as Doctor Angel
18、icus and Doctor Communis.,Thomas of Aquinas,Aquinas is held in the Catholic Church to be the model teacher for those studying for the priesthood.The works for which he is best-known are the Summa Theologica and the Summa Contra Gentiles.One of the 33 Doctors of the Church,he is considered by many Ca
19、tholics to be the Churchs greatest theologian and philosopher.,paraphrase,One way or the other:no one today can claim that there are no interesting impulses for appropriate ethical reflection.(para.1)Despite the philosophic principles available nowadays,no one can say for sure that nobody has the ur
20、ge to examine and explain these principles in an ethical perspective in an updated context.,However,anyone who examines the current social and environmental situation in the world is liable to be disappointed about the influence that the accumulated moral-philosophical wisdom is having in practice.(
21、Para.1),be liable to do means likely to do or say something or to behave in a particular way,especially because of a fault or natural tendency.E.g.Were all liable to make mistakes when were tired.*be liable to+n:usually a particular kind of problem,illness etc,which means likely to be affected by it
22、.E.g.Youre more liable to injury when you dont get regular exercise.,be liable(cont.),If“be liable”is followed by“for”,it refers to“legally responsible for the cost of something”E.g.He is still liable for(repaying)his student loan.The chairman is personally liable for the companys debt.,exercises,“b
23、e liable to”or“be liable for”?1.The car overheat on long trips.2.Sri Lankas partnership with UN go sour with the rising public anger against the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon.3.Anyone publishing confidential information could imprisonment.4.The case that Facebook user would be jailed for spreadin
24、g rumors will disrupt public order.,is liable to,is liable to,be liable for,is liable to,Or does the new interest in ethical debate stem from a publicly perceived violation of old“unspoken grounds for legitimation”?(Para.4),ground means a rational motive for a belief or action,the underlying conditi
25、on prompting an action,a cause of an action.It is often used in the plural:E.g.grounds for suspicion;grounds for divorce;There is no ground for their declaration of independence.,Is ethical thought so vehemently in demand because existing morals are in such dire straits?(para.2),vehemently:(of actio
26、ns,gestures,etc)characterized by great energy,vigour,or force;furious 激烈地;暴烈地;强烈地e.g.vehemently condemn vehemently denounce utter vehemently to cry out loudly and vehemently He vehemently denied the accusations against him.,Is ethical thought so vehemently in demand because existing morals are in su
27、ch dire straits?(para.2),dire straits:a state of extreme distresse.g.1.For industries and enterprises in dire straits,we need to take effective measures to help their workers out of their plight.2.No matter what the cause,the current economic situation has led to the emergence of a large number of u
28、nemployed workers,whose families are put in dire straits.*to be in dire straits 捉襟见肘,There is at least the suspicion that those who talk a lot about ethics may be on a rather shaky moral footing themselves and are using ethical alibis to appease a critical public.(para.4),alibis:1.a defense of some
29、offensive behavior or some failure to keep a promise etc.托辞2.(law)a defense by an accused person purporting to show that he or she could not have committed the crime in question 不在场证据e.g.The suspects all had good alibis for the day of the robbery.,There is at least the suspicion that those who talk
30、a lot about ethics may be on a rather shaky moral footing themselves and are using ethical alibis to appease a critical public.(para.4),Paraphrase?There is at least some doubt that those who talk a lot about ethics may not even have a solid moral foundation to support themselves and they are just us
31、ing some excuses to make peace with the public that criticize them.,Get over in this context means to be convincing about,to impress upon others,to make or become understandable.Similarly,we can use get across and pass over:E.g.The lecturer tried by all means to get a lesson over to students.,But if
32、 one wishes to do more than just get traditional moral philosophical knowledge over to people or preach romantic idealism,then ethics,including corporate ethics,must come down from its lofty realm of“ideas”or“values”and establish itself in day-to-day reality.(para.5),But if one wishes to do more tha
33、n just get traditional moral philosophical knowledge over to people or preach romantic idealism,then ethics,including corporate ethics,must come down from its lofty realm of“ideas”or“values”and establish itself in day-to-day reality.(para.5),Can you translate this sentence into Chinese?但如果想这么做不止是为了传
34、递传统道德哲学知识或鼓吹浪漫唯心主义，那么伦理道德，其中包括企业伦理道德，必须步下它崇高的“思想”或“价值观”神坛，并在日复一日的现实中确立自己的意义。,Acting responsibly would then not mean swearing allegiance to higher notions of approvable behavior(para.5),allegiance:the loyalty that citizens owe to their country(or subjects to their sovereign)忠诚e.g.The soldiers swore a
35、llegiance to their motherland.士兵们宣誓效忠于他们的祖国。,Acting responsibly always and primarily means acting intelligently,i.e.carefully weighing up the benefits and harm that ones own actions can bring.(Para.6),Weigh up means to consider the good and bad points before making a decision;assessE.g.The judge car
36、efully weighed up all the evidence.The board weighed the pros and cons of the strategies up carefully before deciding.,in the final analysis,this again has positive effects for the institutions concerned.(para.6),in the final analysis:after everything has been considered归根结底 e.g.In the final analysi
37、s,our primary concern must be for the overall interest.翻译：All real education is,in the final analysis,self-education.一切真正的教育,说到底,都是自我教育,The impotence of ethics is shown in the fact that most people choose to maximize their own benefits when economic and political decisions have to be made,and are on
38、ly prevented from acting against the common interest by governments branching out into many walks of life.(para.7),branch out:to expand or extend ones interests扩大活动范围e.g.The young tree is beginning to branch out.这棵小树开始发枝了。The research has branched out from physics into related scientific fields.从物理学
39、而引申到相关科学领域,The impotence of ethics is shown in the fact that most people choose to maximize their own benefits when economic and political decisions have to be made,and are only prevented from acting against the common interest by governments branching out into many walks of life.(para.7),Can you tr
40、anslate this sentence into Chinese?伦理道德的无力在很多时候得以体现以下方面，如大多数人当面临作出经济和政治决定时，往往选择最大化自己的利益，并尽量避免违背共同利益，因为政府已深入到社会各阶层。,To assume that altruism and a holistic world-view are predominant human characteristics would be unrealistic.(Para.7),Altruism has a Latin origin,altr and ali are two variations of alte
41、r,which in Latin means other 其他的。Similar examples can be found:alien(adj.)外国的；相异的 n.外国人，外星人alibi(n.)托辞，藉口；不在场证明（在其他场所）alteration(n.)改变，变更,I share the view of the German philosopher Vittorio Hsle that it is impossible“to eradicate egoism”(para.8),eradicate:destroy completely,as if down to the roots v
42、.根除，扑减，根绝 e.g.Smallpox has almost been eradicated.天花几乎已经被消灭了。翻译：他们力图根除罪恶。They attempted to eradicate crime.,.this nobility would quickly pale and give way to the ridiculous.(para.8),give way to:让位于，让步，代替 e.g.Mrs.Jones didnt give way to fears during the flood.洪水来临时琼斯太太并没有害怕。翻译：If we give way to our f
43、eelings and let them take over,we can get into trouble.如果我们屈服于我们的感情，被感情所控制，我们就会陷入麻烦。,The other is that moral enthusiasts who run the risk of foundering when faced by institutional resistance are at least in my value judgement(para.9),founder:to break down or fail or give way;collapse 摔倒，失败，沉没e.g.The
44、 project foundered as a result of lack of finance.该项目因缺乏资金而告吹.The lifeboat soon got abreast of the foundering ship.救生艇很快就赶到了那艘正在下沉的船旁。,the more attractive and lesser evil than thoughtless administrators of the status quo.(para.9),Lesser:of less size or importance较小的，较少的e.g.He is stubborn,and so is s
45、he,but to a lesser degree.他很固执，她也固执，不过程度轻些。,“lesser”or“less”,这两个词都是little的比较级，都可指“较少”或“较小”。less偏重于“not so much”的意思，而lesser偏重于“not so great或smaller、minor、lower”的意思。它们都可用于数量、重量、程度、重要性、价值等方面。它们最大的区别在于用法及跟其他词语搭配上的不同，二者又不能互换使用。（一）less所修饰的名词是不可数的，且没有冠词在前：1.I received less pay than he2.I was given the less
46、er sum of money,“lesser”or“less”,（二）less可带than，并指二者或多于二者的比较；lesser不用than，而用of，并只限于二者的比较。1.These days,I eat less rice than I used to2.Rice and wheat are two staple foods in ChinaIn the north,rice is the lesser of the two,“lesser”or“less”,（三）涉及程度、价值、重要性等方面时，一般用lesser（指 smaller，not so great，minor，lower
47、）：Wealth is of less importance than health（较不重要）Between health and wealth,the former is of lesser importance（较次要）I have less difficulty with my work now（较少困难）In times of political crisis，juvenile delinquency is the lesser difficulty facing the government（较次要的困难）,exercises:“lesser”or“less”?,I want su
48、gar for my coffee2.I prefer a amount of meatThe poets are not respected like the great onesCompared with fossil fuels,nuclear energy is the of two evils.,less,lesser,lesser,lesser,demoniac,(also demoniacal)adj(a)very evil;devilish 邪恶的;凶恶的;恶魔般的:demoniac tortures,plans 酷刑 邪恶的计划.(b)frenzied;fiercely en
49、ergetic 疯狂的;精力极充沛的:demoniac energy,fury,etc 逾常的精力 狂怒等.,she found that not demoniac evil,not unconscious hatred,gnawing envy,or destructive greed were the motives of the mass murderer(para.9),gnawing:A sensation of being gnawed(bitten)dull,constant pain or suffering 痛苦的,苦恼的e.g.gnawing doubt/anxiety/jealousy/desire*gnaw ate.g.Sorrow is gnawing at my heart.The dog is gnawing at a bone.,
