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1、Discussion and Conclusion,Mary Chen July 26,2012.,Discussion and Conclusion,Discussion and Conclusion:,This is the last major section of the paper.In this section,you step back and take a broad look at your findings and your study as a whole.It moves the readers back from the specific information re
2、ported in the methods and results sections to a more general view of how the findings should be interpreted.,Contd,It can be treated as a pair with the Introduction part.The Introduction part should have posed one or more questions.The discussion part should indicate what the findings say about the
3、answers.,Alternative titles:,Discussions(讨论)(2)Results and discussion(结果与讨论)(3)Evaluation of results(对结果的评价)(4)Analysis(分析)(5)Growth arguments(引发的论题)(6)Application and analysis(应用与分析)(7)Performance analysis(性能分析),Alternative titles:,Conclusions:(1)Conclusions(结论)(2)Summary(总结)(3)Summary and conclusi
4、ons(概括及总结)(4)Concluding remarks(总结)(5)Final remarks(总结),Continued:,(6)Conclusions and future work(结论及后续工作)(7)Conclusions and future/further research(结论及后续研究)(8)Conclusions and open problems/questions(结论及存在的问题)(9)Conclusion and future directions(结论及后续研究方向)(10)Open problems(不足之处),What should be discus
5、sed?,Do the results of the present study accord with the original research design?If not,why?According to these results,what conclusion or inferences may be made?And why?Do these results or theoretical analysis accord with the ones of other researchers?If not,why?Is there any suggestion of further s
6、tudy or research methodology to identify or provide disproof for the results?Do these results support or disagree with the present assumptions or theories?Are there any practical applications of these results?What are they?,First Information Elements In DiscussionSpecific Reference to the Study,A re
7、ference to the main purpose or hypothesis of the study.A review of the most important findings,whether or not they support the original hypothesis,and whether they agree with the findings of other researchers.Possible explanations for or speculations about the findings.Limitations of the study that
8、restrict the extent to which the findings can be generalized.,Later Information Elements in DiscussionGeneral Statements about the study,Implications of the study(generalizations from the results);Recommendations for future research and practical applications.,The writing approach of conclusion:,The
9、 conclusion part should be written from specific to general,which is just the opposite of the Introduction part.It moves the readers back from the specific information reported in the methods and results sections to a more general view of how the findings should be interpreted.,Organizations of the
10、discussion,A comparison and contrast of the results of the present study with the original research design(hypothesis or assumption)a general review of main purpose or hypothesis,and the most important findings in the present studymain differences and similarity between the present study and the ori
11、ginal designFurther explanations of the resultsto show the significances of the main resultsto imply the limitation of some parts of the resultssome inferences and indications for further study based on the comparison and contrasta focus on the relationship of the present study with the previous,Org
12、anizations of conclusion,An outline of the present study focus on the main concern of the research design(总结、回顾论文各部分主要内容）Final statements related to the results conclusive implications for further research（讨论该研究在更加宽泛的研究背景下的意义）Practical applications of this studysome possible benefits of the findings
13、（展望该研究未来的发展趋势）,Presentation,The proper use of the present tense and the past tensethe use of the present tense implies the general conclusion while the use of the past tense indicates the tentative results of the present study the past tense is more frequently used to explain the results of the pres
14、ent study while the present tense is frequently used to offer a general inferencethe past tense is used to show the limitations of the present studyThe choice of the modal verbs“may”or“might”is more frequently used to show the inferences,the implications and possible applications.“should”“could”“wou
15、ld”are frequently use to present suggestions,Expressions for Restating Hypothesis,1.It was anticipated older workers2.The theory led us to in speed jobs infer would have 3.In line with this that poorer hypothesis,we assumed performance4.The results seem in-than youngconsistent with our workers.hypot
16、hesis 5.These results support our claim that.6.Experimemts reported in the paper confirmed that.,Expressions for Suggesting Implications,suggest imply These findings lend support to the that assumption lead us to believe provide evidence,Reflecting on limitations,One major limitation of the results
17、developed in the paper is.The findings of the study need to be viewed with several limitations in mind.Although the study provides profound statistics about.,.are still subject to further research.,Identifying significance or contribution,The main contribution of thr paper is./lies in.It is expected
18、 that this paper provide better understanding of.It is hoped that this theory has considerable potential for.,An Example of Discussion:,The decremental theory of aging led us to infer that older workers in speed jobs would have poorer performance,greater absenteeism,and more accidents compared with
19、other workers./The findings,however,go against the theory.The older workers generally earned more,were absent less,had fewer accidents and less turnover than younger ones./One possible conclusion is that the requirements of the speed jobs in the light manufacturing industry under study do not make p
20、hysical demands on the older workers to the limits of their reserve capacity.The competence and,Continued:,experience of the older workers in these specific jobs may have compensated for their reduced stamina/This study has taken a step in the direction of defining the relationship between age,exper
21、ience,and productivity in one particular industry.It is possible of course that other industries with a different complex may produce entirely different results.In addition,it is important to emphasize that methodological problems in the research design limit our interpretations./The approach outlin
22、ed here should be replicated in other manufacturing plants,as well as in other occupational areas in light,medium,and heavy industries in order to construct a typology of older worker performance in a variety of jobs.,Example of Discussion:,The results show that small changes in the selected network
23、 parameter values may have different(i.e.high or low)influences on the probabilities of the hypothesis nodes,i.e.on the network output,as discussed in Section 3 using Fig.2 as an example.However,it can also be seen in Fig.4 that,despite this finding,the defined state of the case variable(node)has li
24、ttle influence on the network output.,Another example of Discussion:,Under the conditions shown in Table 1,the O and N concentrations increase monotonically with treatment duration,reaching an asymptotic limiting value after approximately 20s.(table indicated)Even though the vacuum systems had no le
25、aks and the gases were ultra pure,some chemically bonded oxygen was detected following all nitriding treatments.This can readily be explained by the fact that(finding+explanation),Example of Conclusion:,This paper has presented a framework for classifying models for intelligent system design in the
26、context of satisfaction-based approximation spaces.(first sentence of conclusion)Hence,it is appropriate to use approximation methods to measure the extent that experimental models are to a degree a part of a set of models representing a standard.(last sentence of conclusion.),Example of Summary of
27、Conclusion:,We have shown that it is possible to produce well-defined,micrometer-scale chemical patterns on polymer substrates(BOPP in this case)using a simple,one-step plasma treatment method.(first sentence)Although this method is,at present,somewhat time consuming,the quality of its surface chemi
28、stry may be advantageous.(A later sentence,showing a qualification.),Tips for this Section,InformationInclude various elements of information,depending on the problems encountered,results obtained,possible applications,and further research needed.Move from specific results to general implications.La
29、nguageUse past tense to refer to original hypothesisUse simple present/past or modal auxiliaries when explaining your results.Use tentative verbs to make implications or recommendations or to suggest applications.,Typical sentences for contrast the findings with the original hypothesis,The research
30、investigated the differences between/The results(data)show that The possible reason isThe aim of the research was toIn the present study,it was found that becauseThis study attempted to investigate However,the findings show that;It is found that results inIt was originally assumed that;The result sh
31、ow This suggests thatExisting theories suggested thatThe results,however,show This evidence led us to infer that.Thus,Sentences for further explanation of the results(PP76-80),One reason for this could be that inadequate use of increasedIt is possible that an erroneous value was attributed to(due to
32、)It may be that the error in Equation caused the inaccuracy ofThis inaccuracy seems to show that the materials used are,Sentences for Inferences/conclusion,These results indicate/suggest/show/imply thatThe data reported here imply/confirm thatOur conclusion is thatTherefore we may infer thatThese fi
33、ndings support the hypothesis thatIt appears/seems/suggests)thatOur data provide the evidence that,Sentences for Implying Limitations,The proposed model in this study is based on the Our analysis neglects several potential important conditions.The method of the research design is accurate,but cannot
34、 implemented in real time applications.Only three groups of samples were tested.An experiment employing different TM Scanning approaches might produce different results.We recognized that the method adopted here does not cover the variety and complexity of melting rate We readily admit that.may not
35、fully identify,Sentences for further study suggestion,Further research could explore the possibility to apply.A further experiment should be conducted withIn the future,the effect of.will be examined.Another interesting topic would be to examine howAn important direction for further work might beThe
36、 results in the study may lead to the development of effective methods forIn the future,we will investigate the.Researchers of this paper are now conducting experiments with We suggest/recommend that,讨论部分常用的实义动词：,Reported/show/characterized/suggests/used/intended/contradict./suggest/prevail/focused/
37、enables/speculate/maintain/compared./focused./claimed/Shows/tends/represent语言功能有：描述、阐释、比较、分析、论证、主张解释等等广义的修辞手段。可能再次用到前面使用过的例子来证实论文的发现。,Assignment:,Reading；P.71-80.Read your own conclusion in your selected article and observe closely how it is written.Sum up the information and learn to write the conclusion.,Discuss&reflection:p.74-75,Compare and contrast the writing of Abstract and conclusion of an article.(content,length,stylistic patterns),
