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1、Language Acquisition,10.1 Introduction,Language acquisition refers to the childs acquisition of his mother tongue.e.g.how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.,10.2 Theories of child language acquisition,There are mainly three different theories concerning how langua
2、ge is learned:The behaviorist view(B.F.Skinners)The innatist view(Chomsky)The interactionist view,A behaviorist view of language acquisition行为主义者的语言习得观,Traditional behaviorists view language as behavior and believe that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.Imitation
3、and practice are preliminary,discrimination and generalization are key to language development in this theory.,Imitation(模仿):word for word repetition of all or part of an utterancee.g.Mother:Would you like some bread and peanut butter?Katie:Some bread and peanut butter.Practice:repetitive manipulati
4、on of one structure/patterne.g.I can handle it,Hannah can handle it.WE can handle it.,They imitate words selectively and according to their own understandings of the sounds or patterns.What they imitate must be based on what the children have already known instead of what is“available”in the environ
5、ment.,An innatist view of language acquisition语法天生主义者的语言习得观,Human beings are biologically programmed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking.Language acquisition device:LAD 语言习得机制,The LAD was described as an imaginary“black box”exis
6、ting somewhere in the human brain.,Contain principles that are universal to all human languages.,Universal Grammar(UG)普遍语法 Children are pre-equipped with UG,then what they have to learn is the ways in which their own language makes use of these principles and the variations on those principles which
7、 may exist in the particular language they are learning.,An interactionist view of language acquisition互动主义的语言习得观,The interactionist view holds that language develops as a result of the complex interplay between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in which the child develops.,
8、保姆式语言,“Motherese”Or Child directed speech(CDS)Or Caretaker talk,The motherese or caretaker talk shares the following characteristics:Slow rate of speechHigh pitchRich intonationShorter and simpler sentence structuresFrequent repetitionParaphrasing and limited vocabularyTopic closely related to the“h
9、ere and now”environment,Conclusion,Behaviorists view sounds reasonable in explaining the routine aspects,the innatist accounts most plausible in explaining childrens acquiring complex system,and the interactionist description convincing in understanding how children learn and use the language approp
10、riately from their environment.,10.3 Cognitive factors in child language development,1.definition:The controversies about how first language is acquired also revolves around cognitive factors which are also called the cognitive theory of language acquisition.2.two ways:The cognitive factors relate t
11、o language acquisition mainly in two ways.,Two Ways,Language development is dependent on both the concepts children form about the world and what they feel stimulated to communicate at the early and later stages of their language development.eg.present relevance&the perfect tenseThe cognitive factor
12、s determine how the child makes sense of the linguistic system himself instead of what meanings the child perceives and expresses.eg.three stages in the process of learning the negative form.,10.4 Language environment and the Critical Period Hypothesis,All child language acquisition theories talk ab
13、out the roles of two factors to different degrees:the linguistic environment children are exposed to and the age they start to learn the language.,the linguistic environment,Behaviorist:language environment plays a major role in providing both language models to be imitated and the necessary feedbac
14、ks.Innatist:they emphasize more on childrens internal processing of the language items to be learnt.Interactionist:they call for the quality of the language samples available in the linguistic environment.,the age,Eric LennebergCPH:the Critical Period HypothesisThe LAD,like other biological function
15、s,works successfully only when it is stimulated at the right time-a specific and limited period for language acquisition.,two versions of the CPH,The strong one suggests that children must acquire their first language by puberty,or they will never be able to learn from subsequent exposure.The weak o
16、ne holds that language learning will be more difficult and incomplete after puberty.eg.Victors and Genies cases Elissa Newport:natural experiments of three groups of deaf signs users,10.5 Stages in child language development,10.5.1 Phonological development,Children are born with an ability to discri
17、minate and produce sounds.The child must pass each stage before he can proceed to the next one.Vowel system is formed by 3 basic vowels:/i:/,/u:/,/a:/,10.5.2 Vocabulary development,There is no clearly line between babbling and speech.Most children produce their first words such as“papa”,“dada”,and“n
18、ana”,which is mistaken by parents the sounds as father,mother etc.,Features of meaning,When the child learns a word,he learns not only how to pronounce the word but also the meaning of each form and how each form is different in meaning from every other form.,A)under-extensioneg:White paperWhite sno
19、w birds are animals,B)over-extension based on extension and categories eg:apple for all fruit apple for anything round,Lexical contrast and prototype theories are also proposed to explain how children acquire their vocabulary or lexicon.,10.5.3 Grammatical development,Age of 2,two-word utterance n+n
20、(mommy sock)Age of 6,three main elements daddy kick ball,This grammatical development is partly amatter of growing competence and partly a matter of increasing performance capacity.,10.5.4 Pragmatic development,These include the greetings,the taboo words,the polite forms of address and the various s
21、tyles appropriate to different speech situation of his community.,10.6 Atypical development,Not all the children achieve the same level of language development.Atypical development may occur due to trauma or injury.,The Atypical language development include:,Hearing impairment(听力损伤)Mental retardation（精神 阻滞）Autism（自闭症）Stuttering（口吃）Aphasia（失语症）Dyslexia（难语症）Dysgraphia（书写困难）,Thank you!,
