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1、,四级英语语法讲座重点二 非谓语动词,重点二 非谓语动词,非谓语动词既是四级考试的重点也是难点，在每年的考试中都占有相当大的比例。其中最为重要的是分词作状语和独立主格结构。,一、知识点,非谓语动词包括现在分词、过去分词、不定式和动名词。非谓语动词既是四级考试的重点也是难点。因为非谓语动词的用法很复杂，它既含有时态语态的变化、又有否定形式。例如：He seemed to have waited there for a long time.(不定式的完成时态)He seemed to be waiting for someone.(不定式的正在进行时)He seemed to have not k
2、nown the place very well.(不定式的完成时态的否定形式)He seemed to have been told about it.(不定式的被动语态),现在分词,现在分词可以用作状语、定语和表语，表主动的含义。例如：The film is exciting.(表语)The exciting film attracted the children very much.(定语)Having finishing the homework,children went to the playground to play basketball.(状语)The problem bei
3、ng discussed is what they are concerned with.(定语),过去分词,过去分词的用法与现在分词大体相当，可以用作状语、定语和表语，只是表示被动的意义。例如：Children are excited at the film.(表语)The excited children sang and danced to the midnight.(定语)Excited at the news,children went to the playground to play basketball.(状语)This was the problem discussed at
4、 the meeting yesterday.(定语),不定式,不定式有两种形式：带to的不定式和不带to的不定式,不定式有进行体、完成体和被动语态。不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、补语、定语和状语等。It is of Importance to have good friends.(逻辑主语)To see is to believe.(主语)I expect him to come back soon.(宾语补语)I dont know how to get there.(宾语)We need someone to help us.(定语)To get there earlier,we sta
5、rted at 6 oclock.(状语)The room seemed to have been cleaned.(表语),动名词,动名词具有动词的特征（可有自己的状语、宾语等）和名词的功能（在句中可以作主语、宾语、补语）。I dont liking talking with her.(宾语)Smoking is dangerous for health.(主语)Her hobby is collecting coins.(表语),二、四级考试中的非谓语动词考点,非谓语动词的时态和语态The two buildings being repaired now are the students
6、dormitories.(正在进行时表示动作正在发生，被动语态表示被动)The two buildings repaired during the summer vacations are the students dormitories.(过去分词作定语，表示动作完成)The two buildings to be repaired are the students dormitories.(不定式表示动做未发生，将要发生,非谓语动词的否定形式和物主代词的用法,Not knowing what to do next,he asked me for help.(分词作状语的否定形式)I reg
7、ret not telling her the news earlier.(动名词作宾语的否定形式)I dont mind your being late.(动名词作宾语的物主形式)I persuade him not to stay there too long.(不定式作补语的否定形式),现在分词和过去分词区别,现在分词表示现在和主动的意思；过去分词含有被动和完成的意思。例如；Originally cultivated In India,the banana brought to the Americas by the Portuguese who found it In Africa.句
8、中主语the banana和cultivate的关系应属被动关系，用过去分词Originally cultivated。The lost child was found hiding in the cave.句中hiding in the cave与其主语the child是主动关系，用现在分词。,不定式和动名词的区别,不定式和动名词都可以作宾语，但在英语中不同的动词要求后边的宾语形式不同。有些动词要求动名词所宾语，有些动词要求不定式所宾语，还有些动词既可以用动名词又可以用不定式作宾语，但所表达的意思却不同。所以大家要记住这些特殊的动词。,不定式和动名词的区别,要求不定式作宾语的动词有：exp
9、ect,urge,intend,persuade,prefer,cause,encourage,tell,ask,make,let,要求动名词作宾语的动词有：mind,quit,resent,mention,appreciate,postpone,consider,enjoy,deserve,delay,avoid,escape,deny,resist,admit,fancy,give up,cannot but,need,want，feel like下列动词既可以用动名词又可以用不定式作宾语：remember,forget,regret,mean,like,hate,love,stop,不定
10、式和动名词的区别,remember,forget,regret后接不定式表示动作尚未发生；接动名词表示动作已经发生。like,hate,love 后接不定式表示具体的或一次性的动作；接动名词表示习惯性或抽象性的动作。stop 后接不定式表示停下现在动作去做另一件事；接动名词表示停下现在所进行的动作。mean 后接不定式表示打算去做一件事；接动名词表示意思是什么。,几种特殊的句型,It is no good(use)+doing sth.It is no use arguing with her about the matter.There is no _ doing sth.There is
11、no telling when to start.But+(to)do:介词前动词若是实义动词do，省略to;介词前动词若不是实义动词do，则不能省略to。Our parents required us of nothing but to study hard.He said nothing but to cry.He did nothing but cry.,分词的固定搭配,分词的固定搭配词组：judging from,generally speaking,considering,takinginto consideration,compared to(with),分词作状语,过去分词和现在
12、分词（包括一些形容词）短语皆能作状语，其作用相当于状语从句，只不过是何种状语从句要根据句子的内容而确定。如：Having(=As/Because I had)no money,I borrowed some from John.（表原因）Walking(=When I was walking)along the bank,I met a friend.(表时间)Turning(=If you turn)to the right,you will see the shop.(表条件)注意有时分词状语的前面可以加连词。如：Although defeated(=although he has bee
13、n defeated)many times,he still challenges me.When cursed(=when she was cursed)by the witch,the princess felt very weak.,独立主格结构,独立主格结构是带有逻辑主语的分词短语，有以下形式：主语分词The problem being solved,he went back home.Time permitting,we will go outing this weekend.The report having been read a lively discussion began.
14、With+逻辑主语+分词（形容词、副词或介词短语等）The old man came in with a book under his arm.They went home with the lights on.,分词作状语与独立主格结构,要注意区分分词作状语与独立主格结构，前者的逻辑主语是与句子的主语是一致的，而后者有自己的主语，即分词的前面有名词/代词，否则句子的意义就不通。如：Getting dark,I left in a hurry.这是个错句。正确的形式是在分词前加上它的主语it.再如：Stepping on the platform,the audience gave John
15、a thunderous applause.这个句子的真正意思是想说：当John登上舞台的时候，观众爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。正确的说法应是：Stepping on the platform,John received/was given a thunderous applause.,三、非谓语动词考点例题,时态1.As a public relations officer,he is said _some very influential people.（01/6/34）A)to know B)to be knowing C)to have been knowing D)to have known
16、 2.The ancient Egyptians are supposed _rockets to the moon.（96/6/37）A)to send B)to be sending C)to have sent D)to have been sending,【A】,【C】,语态,1.Sir Denis,who is 78,has made it known that much of his collection _to the nation.（96/6/24）A)has left B)is to leave C)leaves D)is to be left2.If I correct s
17、omeone,I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one _.（96/6/28）A)to correct B)correcting C)having corrected D)being corrected3.Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _ in Cuba.（00/1/45）A)having cultivated B)being cult
18、ivated C)been cultivated D)cultivating,【D】,【D】,【B】,作状语（不定式,分词）,1.Could you find someone _.（94/4/63）A)for me to play tennis with B)for me to play tennis C)play tennis with D)playing tennis with2._a teacher in a university,it is necessary to have at least a masters degree.（95/1/48）A)To become B)Become
19、 C)One become D)On becoming3.This programme will examine the writers books in detail _an introduction to her life.（94/4/70）A)following B)having followed C)being followed D)to be followed 4.The house was very quiet_ as it was on the side of a mountain.（99/6/48）A)isolated B)being isolated C)isolating
20、D)having been isolated,【A】,【A】,【A】,【A】,作宾补（分词）,1.In Australia the Asians make their influence _in businesses large and small.（94/4/67）A)feeling B)feel C)felt D)to be felt2.Dont get your schedule _;stay with us in this class.（96/1/42）A)to change B)changing C)changed D)change,【C】,【C】,作后置定语(分词),1.Homew
21、ork _ on time will lead to better grades.（95/1/44）A)doneB)be done C)having done D)to have been done2.As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free,tax-supported school must be established in every town _50 household or more.（98/1/36）A)having B)to have C)to have had D)having had,【A】,【A】,作宾语(动名词),1.
22、Ann never dreams of _for her to be sent abroad very soon.（98/6/43）A)there being a chance B)there to be a chance C)there be a chance D)being a chance2.He gives people the impression _all his life broad.（98/6/46）A)of having spent B)to have spent C)of being spent D)to spend,【A】,【A】,特殊动词后接不定式作宾语,1.I wou
23、ld appreciate _ it a secret.（95/6/41）A)your keeping B)you to keep C)that you keep D)that you will keep2.Mark often attempts to escape _ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.（95/6/42）A)having been fined B)to be fined C)to have been fined D)being fined3.If I had remembered _ the window,the thief wou
24、ld not have got in.（96/1/40）A)to close B)closing C)to have closed D)having closed4.The man in the corner confessed to _ a lie to the manager of the company.（97/6/58）A)have told B)be told C)being told D)having told,【A】,【D】,【A】,【D】,四、四级真题非谓语动词,1._the earth to be flat,many feared that Columbus would fa
25、ll of the edge of the earth.（96/6/22）A)Having believed B)BelievingC)Believed D)Being believed B)题意：由于人们认为地球是扁平的，所以人们担心哥伦布会走到在地球的边缘。解析：句中many是动作believe的发出者，主语many和believe的关系应属主动关系，用现在分词。2.The traditional approach _with complex problems is to break them down into smaller,more easily managed problems.（
26、96/6/33）A)to dealing B)in dealing C)dealing D)to dealA)题意：解决复杂问题的传统方法是把它们分解成众多的容易解决的小问题。解析：句中approach后定语要用 介词to，介词后接动名词 dealing，所以选A)。,3.When I caught him _ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.（97/1/44）A)cheating B)cheat C)to cheat D)to be cheatingA)题意：当我发现他骗我时，我不再
27、在那买东西了。我去另一家商店购物了。解析：句中cheating 作宾语him的补语，二者之间是主动关系，要用现在分词，所以A)。4.Your hair wants _.Youd better have it done tomorrow.（97/6/48）A)cut B)to cut C)cutting D)being cutC)题意：你的头发需要剪了，你最好明天去理发。解析：句中动词want后需要接动名词作宾语，而且动名词的主动语态表示被动。所以选C)。,5._,a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more ra
28、pidly than a man whose command of language is poor.（97/6/56）A)Other things being equal B)were other things equal C)To be equal to other thingsD)Other things to be equalA)题意：如果其他条件相同，一个善于表达自己思想的人肯定会比语言能力弱的人成功的机会大。解析：句中A)Other things being equal 是独立主格结构，在句中作状语。6.Although punctual himself,the professor
29、 was quite used _late for his lecture.（98/1/31）A)to have students B)for students being C)for students to be D)to students beingD)题意：尽管教授自己很准时，他已经很习惯于学生在他的课上迟到了。解析：be used to习惯于，该词组中后接动名词，因为迟到的主体是学生所以用 students being。,7.People appreciate _with him because he has a good sense of humor.（98/1/37）A)to wo
30、rk B)to have worked C)working D)having workedC)题意：人们喜欢与他一同工作，因为他具有很强的幽默感。解析：句中动词appreciate 后需要接动名词作宾语。所以选C)。8.They are going to have the serviceman _an electric fan in the office tomorrow.（98/1/44）A)install B)to install C)to be installed D)installedA)题意：他们打算明天找电工给办公室安装上一台电扇。解析：have sb.do意思是找某人做事，注意区
31、别另一个习惯用法：have sth.done请某人把事做了。,9.All things _the planned trip will have to be called off.（98/6/49）A)considered B)be considered C)consideringD)having consideredA)题意：考虑到所有的因素，原计划的旅行取消了。解析：All things considered 是独立主格结构，在句中作状语。由于主体All things和动词consider之间是被动关系，所以选A)10.All flights _because of the snowstor
32、m,many passengers could do nothing but take the train.（99/1/51）A)had been canceled B)have been canceled C)were canceled D)having been canceledD)题意：因为暴风雪天气，所有的航班都取消了。许多旅客只能乘火车。解析：be used to习惯于，该词组中后接动名词，因为迟到的主体是学生所以用 students being。All flights having been canceled 同样是独立主格结构，在句中作状语。由于主体All flights和动词c
33、ancel之间是被动关系所以用被动，同时主句和从句动词之间又先后关系，主句动作发生在从句动作之后，所以用完成时态，选D)。,11.His remarks left me _about his real purpose.（99/6/45）A)wonder B)wondering C)wondered D)to wonderB)题意：他的话使我怀疑起他的真正目的。解析：Wondering在句中作宾语补语，由于动词wonder 和主体me之间是主动关系，所以选B)。12.I have heard both teachers and students well of him.（99/6/46）A)sp
34、eak B)to speak C)spoken D)speakingA)题意：我从教师和学生那都听到他的好话。解析：动词hear接不带to的不定式，动词speak和主体teachers and students之间是主动关系，所以选A)。,13.This crop has similar qualities to the previous one,_both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil.（99/6/57）A)been B)to be C)being D)having beenC)题意：这种庄稼和从前的那种一样，特点相似
35、。二者都有抗风和适应同一种类型的土地的特点。解析：句中C)being both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil 是分词作定语，修饰the previous one。14.The project _by the end of 2000,will expand the city s telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.（99/6/68）A)being accomplished B)to be accomplished C)accomplished D)having been a
36、ccomplishedB)题意：将要在2000年末完成的项目，将使城市的电话网覆盖面扩大到一百万。解析：在这里B)to be accomplished是The project的定语，由于主体The project和动词accomplish之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态；又由于动词accomplish还没有完成，是将要完成，所以要用不定式，故选B),15.I dont mind _ the decision as long as it is not too late.（00/1/43）A)your delaying to make B)you delay to make C)your delay
37、ing making D)you to delay makingC)题意：你稍后作出决定我不介意，因为时间还来得及。解析：句中动词mind后需要接动名词作宾语，又因为delay的主体不是I，而是you，所以选C)your delaying making。16.The sale usually takes place outside the house,with the audience _ on benches,chairs or boxes.（00/1/46）A)having seated B)seating C)having been seated D)seatedD)题意：销售活动通常在
38、室外进行，观众坐在凳子、椅子或盒子上。解析：句中with the audience seated on benches,chairs or boxes是独立主格结构，在句中作状语。由于动词seated通常用be seated形式，因此选D)。,17.These surveys indicate that many crimes go _ by the police,mainly because not all victims report them.（00/6/26）A)unrecorded B)to be unrecorded C)unrecordingD)to have been unre
39、cordedA)题意：调查表明犯罪在警察那没有记录，因为并不是所有的受害者都会报案的。解析：在这里A)unrecorded表示主体crimes和动词unrecord之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态。18.I have no objection _ your story again.（00/6/27）A)to hear B)to hearing C)to having heard D)to have heardB)题意：我不反对再听一遍你的故事。解析：动词object和其同跟名词 objection后需要接to+动名词，又因为 object的主体是I，所以选B)to hearing。,19.You
40、 will see this product _ wherever you go.（00/6/30）A)to be advertised B)advertised C)advertise D)advertisingB)题意：你在哪都可以看到这种产品的广告。解析：在这里B)advertised是this product 的定语，由于主体this product 和动词advertise之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词，故选B)20.Peter,who had been driving all day,suggested _ at the next town.（00/6/34）A)to stop B
41、)stopping C)stop D)having stoppedB)题意：彼得开了一天的车建议能再到一个城镇时停下来休息。解析：句中动词suggest 后需要接动名词作宾语，所以选B。,21.He wasnt appointed chairman of the committee,_ not very popular with all its members.（02/1/53）A)to be considered B)considering C)being considered D)having consideredC)题意：考虑到他在成员中的威信，他没有被任命为委员会主席。解析：句中是分词
42、短语作原因状语，动词consider 和主体He之间是被动关系，故要用现在分词的被动形式。22._in a recent science competition,the three students were awarded scholarships totaling$21,000.（01/1/46）A)To be judged the best B)Having judged the best C)Judged the best D)Judging the bestA)题意：由于在最近的科学竞赛中，三个学生被认为是最优秀的而被授予两万一千美元的全奖奖学金。解析：在这里分词短语Judged t
43、he best in a recent science competition作原因状语，由于动词judge 和主体the three students 之间是被动关系，故要用过去分词表示被动。,23.Ill never forget _you for the first time.（01/1/43）A)to meet B)to have met C)meeting D)having to be meetingC)题意：我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的情景。解析：句中动词forget后接动名词表示不会忘记发生的事，所以选C。24.That young man still denies _the f
44、ire behind the store.（01/1/45）A)to start B)having started C)start D)to have startedB)题意：年轻人仍然否认在商店后点火的事。解析：句中动词deny后要求接动名词作宾语，所以选B。,25.With the development in science and technology man can make various flowers _before their time.（01/6/36）A)be bloomed B)bloom C)bloomed D)bloomingB)题意：随着科学和技术的发展，人类使得
45、花朵能在开花期前开花。解析：Make sb.or sth.do意思是使得某人某事完成某一动作，注意sb.or sth.与动词 do之间是主动关系；请区别另一个习惯用法：make sth.done 意思是使得某人做事。在这里flowers和 bloom 之间是主动关系26.The president promised to keep all the board members _of how the negotiations were going on.（01/6/54）A)inform B)informing C)be informed D)informedD)题意：主席答应让所有董事会成员了
46、解谈判进展情况。解析：在这里分词短语informed of how the negotiations 作宾语补语，由于动词inform和主体all the board members 之间是被动关系，故要用过去分词表示被动，所以选D)。,27.All the tasks _ahead of time,they decided to go on holiday for a week.（01/6/56）A)been fulfilled B)having been fulfilled C)were fulfilled D)had been fulfilledB)题意：由于所有的任务都提前完成了，他们
47、决定出去度假一个星期。解析：All the tasks having been fulfilled ahead of time是独立主格结构，在句中作原因状语。由于主体All the tasks和动词fulfill之间是被动关系，所以用被动，同时主句和从句动词之间又先后关系，主句动作发生在从句动作之后，所以用完成时态，选B)。28.Although a teenager,Fred could resist _ what to do and what not to do.(02/6/45)A)being told B)telling C)to be told D)to tell A)动词resi
48、st后只能跟名词形式（包括动名词），不能跟动词不定式，答案应在A)、B)中产生。注意前面的状语：虽然他还是个十来岁的孩子。对于teenager来说，通常都是大人告诉他们要做什么事，不要做什么事，因而应选被动的A)。,29.What a lovely party!Its worth _ all my life.(02/6/54)A)remembering B)to remember C)to be rememberedD)being rememberedA)本题的考点与上题相似，既要考虑选动词不定式还是动名词，又要考虑主动还是被动。空格前面的worth是本题的关键，它的后面要求接名词形式，但当后
49、面是动名词时，常用主动形式表达被动的概念。再如：The book is well worth reading。30.We left the meeting,there obviously _ no point in staying.(02/6/58)A)were B)being C)to be D)havingB)本题的考点是there be 句型作独立结构。不妨把这个句子还原为We left the meeting,because there obviously was no point in staying。,31.Apart from caring for her children,sh
50、e has to take on such heavy _ housework as carrying water and firewood.(02/12/42)A)time-consumed B)timely-consumed C)time-consuming D)timely-consuming C)本题考察对合成形容词的掌握情况，就名词与动词的合成而言，有两种情况：（1）名词+过去分词，此时名词作动词的主语，如state-owned,heart-felt；（2）和名词+现在分词，此时名词通常作动词的宾语，如peace-loving,epoch-making（划时代的）。32.Anna w
