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1、关系分句（Relative Clause),定义：关系分句（Relative Clause)是由关系词（Relative Word）引导的分句结构。这种分句结构又称“定语从句”（Attributive Clause），因为这种分句的主要功能是作名词修饰语（即“定语”）。但是，关系分词除作“定语”外，还可以表示其他意义，因此仍按其结构特征名之为“关系分句”。,1)限制性关系分句,限制性关系分句在口语中前后没有停顿，在书写中通常不用逗号。例如：The man who did the robbery has been caught.The chair(which)I sat in was a bro
2、ken one.Can you show me the house where Shakespeare once lived?The reason why I was along in the mountains is that I had a difficulty with my guide.,限制性关系分句通常出现在下列搭配中：当名词中心词带有表示类别的不定冠词时，其后的关系分句通常为限制性关系分句。例如：She was a woman who must be treated decently.He spoke to me in a tone which I dont at all lik
3、e.当名词中心词带有前照应定冠词时，其后的关系分句也必定是限制性的。例如：He is the man who told me the news.This is the car I brought last year.,当名词中心词带有all,any,some,every,no等不定限定词时，其后的关系分句也通常是限制性的。例如：The first flame from Rain barrow sprang into the sky,attracting all eyes that had been fixed on the distant conflagration(大火）.Any man w
4、ho smokes cigarettes is the doctors say risking his health.Some friends that I made in college were more interested in grades than in learning.He has read almost every book on linguistics that he could get hold of in the library.No visitors who come to Beijing would fail to see the Great Wall.,2)非限制
5、性关系分句,如前所示，非限制性关系分句和它的先行项之间只有比较松散的关系。这种分句在口语中有停顿，在书写中常用逗号隔开。非限制性关系分句的引导词通常是who,whom,whose和which等wh-词，但也并不绝对排除that.例如：The Chairman,who spoke first,sat on my right.His speech,which bored everyone,went on and on.The Chairmans daughter,whose name is Ann,gave me a patient smile.She is devilish like Miss
6、Cutter,that I used to meet at Dumdum.,关系副词where和when也能引导非限制性关系分句。例如：Many of our Welsh people(威尔士人）are going to settle in North Carolina,where land is cheap.Im seeing the manager tomorrow,when he will be back from New York.非限制性关系分句，就其意义来说，再句中有时相当于一个并列分句。例如：They had a fine walk too,which had done his
7、liver good.(=They had a a fine walk too,and it had his liver good.),有时，非限制性关系分句在语义上起状语分句的作用，表示原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等意义。例如：It is in line with the Charter(联合国宪章），which recognizes the value of regional effort to solve problems and settle disputes.(这里的which.相当于for it.或as it.的意思，表示原因。）Chinese delegations have b
8、een sent to Asian-African countries,who will negotiate trade agreement with the respective governments.(这里的who will.相当于so that they may.的意思，表示目的。）He would be a rash man,who should venture to forecast the results of this event.(这里的who.相当于if he.的意思，表示条件。）Dr lee,who had carefully read through the instr
9、uctions before doing his experiments,could not obtain satisfactory results,because he followed them mechanically.(这里的who.相当于though he.的意思，表示让步。）,.2 关系词的选择,关系词（Relative Word）包括关系代词（Relative Pronoun）、关系副词（Relative Adverb）和关系限定词（Relative Determiner），这里主要是将关系代词的选择问题。,在关系分句中，关系代词的选择受到几种因素的制约。这首先牵涉到先行项的所指
10、意义，是指人还是指物；也牵涉到关系代词在分句中的句法功能，是作分句的主语，还是作宾语或者补语；当然还要看关系代词所引导的分句是限制性关系分句还是非限制性关系分句；同时还要考虑到关系分句是用于什么语域（Register）或语体（Style），是用于正式场合，还是非正式场合，是用于书面语，还是用语口语。因此，关系代词的选择带有一定的复杂性，必须综合考虑上述诸种因素加以选择。,1）在限制性关系分句中关系代词的选择,这里主要介绍在限制性关系分句中作主语、宾语和介词补足成分的关系代词的选择问题。a)在限制性关系分句中作主语的关系代词的选择，按照一般规则是用who/that指人，用which/that指物
11、。但在实际使用中，大多数是用who指人，较少用that；大多数是用that指物，较少用which；尤其在口语中是如此。例如：Hes the man who lives next door to us.He drives a car that can travel 150 miles an hour.,b)在限制性关系分句中，关系代词作宾语，正式语体分别用whom，which指人和指物；非正式语体用who，that指人，用that指物，而且通常可以省略。例如：(whom)Where is the man=(who)I saw this morning?=(that)(whom)Is that t
12、he man=(who)you gave your tickets to?=(that)(which)Where is the book=(that)I bought this morning?Is that the address(which)you sent the telegram to?=(that)在上述诸例中，现代英语强烈倾向于用that和zero，除非在非常正式的语体中才用whom/which。,c）关系代词作介词补足成分，在正式语体中介词通常前置，这时不管在限制性或是非限制性关系分句中都用whom指人，which指物。例如：James Russell is a man for
13、whom I have the greatest respect.It is a tribute(贡献）in which the British-speaking peoples can share irrespective of party or class.在非正式语体中，通常介词后置，可用who/that指人，that指物，或者都用zero。例如：They are the boys(who)/(that)I went to school with.They case(that)you are referring to is now closed.在介词后置情况下如果还用whom/whic
14、h，那就很不自然。,3)在非限制性关系分句中关系代词的选择,如前所述，在非限制性关系分句中，通常用who（m)/whose指人，用which指物。例如：The driver,who was very young,had only just got his license(执照）。This book,which only appeared a year ago,has already gone through several editions.在非限制性关系分句中，which的先行项还可以是上文整个的分句。例如：He tried to stand on his hands for five mi
15、nutes,which-as you know-is rather a difficult thing to do.which还能指前面句子的一部分：I have known men far more able than Bowles,but not half so interesting,which is quite a different thing.,3)由“介词+关系代词”引导的分句结构,由“介词+关系代词”引导的限定分句多用于正式语体。能作这种用法的关系代词主要是which，其次是whom，有时是关系限定词whose。例如：They tried to think of a plan
16、by which they could fulfill their task ahead of time.The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.与关系代词搭配的介词可以是复杂介词。,.4 双重关系分句,双重关系分句 双重关系分句（Double Relative Clause）指同一个先行项之后跟有两个关系分句的语法现象。我们知道，一个先行项之后多数只跟有一个关系分句；在同一个句子中，即使出现几个关系分句，也往往各有不同的先行项。例如：The cat killed the rat that ate the m
17、alt that lay in the house that Jack built.,但是，也有一个先行项后面出现一个以上（主要是两个）关系分句的现象。这有两种情况：一种是，两个关系分句由并列连词连接，处于同一层次。例如：Youll easily find us;just look for a house whose windows need washing and whose fence needs repairing!另一种是，两个关系分句处于不同层次。例如：Shes the only girl I know who can play the guitar.,在上例中，第一个关系分句I k
18、now修饰 the only girl，第二个关系分句who can play the guitar进一步修饰the only girl I know。关于两个关系分句中关系词的选择和省略，与一个关系分句关系词的选择和省略相仿，但要注意：当两个关系分句处在同一层次时，只能省略第一个关系分句中用作宾语的关系词。例如：The best play()Shakespeare wrote,but which I havent read,is probably King Lear.,as,which引导的非限定性定语从句由as,which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and
19、 this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。As we know,smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth,which is very important to us.典型例题1）Alice received an invitation from her boss,_came as a surprise.A.itB.thatC.whichD.he答案C.此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。,2）
20、The weather turned out to be very good,_ was more than we could expect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3）It rained hard yesterday,_ prevented me from going to the park.A.thatB.whichC.asD.it答案B.,As 的用法,例1.the same as；suchas 中的
21、as 是一种固定结构,和一样。I have got into the same trouble as he(has).例2.as可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如。As we know,smoking is harmful to ones health.As is known,smoking is harmful to ones health.As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。,Exercise,I.Combine the two sentences into one sentence with a relative clause:
22、The jewelry was guarded by a policeman.It was very expensive.I bought a brochure.It was by a famous artist.A woman is waiting for the bus.She looks angry.I saw a student reading a newspaper on the corner.A woman is standing near the exit.She is a guard.Coats left in the checkroom are rarely lost.The
23、 coats were hung in the checkroom.They belonged to the tourists.A man is using the calculator.He is our accountant.A dietitian is cooking the meal.She works for the museumThe car was stolen from the square.It was found by the policeman.,Keys,Key:I.Combine the two sentences into one sentence with a r
24、elative clause,1.The jewelry that/which was guarded by the policeman was very expensive.2.I bought a brochure that/which was written by a famous artist.3.The woman who is waiting for the bus looks angry.4.I saw a student who was reading a newspaper on the corner.5.A woman who is standing near the ex
25、it is a guard.6.Coats that/which are left in the checkroom are rarely lost.7.The coats that/which were hung in the checkroom belonged to the tourists.8.A man who is using the calculator is our accountant.9.A dietitian who is cooking the meal works for the museum.10.The car that/which was stolen from
26、 the square was found by the police.,Back,II.Translation,1.正在等公共汽车的那个女士看起来忧心忡忡.2.在画廊中展览的那幅油画已经买出去了.3.这些外国人明天要去参观他们昨天晚上听说过的那个纪念馆.4.昨天你在剧院见到的那个人是我的哥哥.5.我们经常去的那个超市今天不开门.,Keys,Keys,The woman who is waiting for the bus looks worried.The painting that/which was shown in the gallery has been sold.The forei
27、gners will visit the monument that they heard about last night.The man(who/whom)you met at the theatre yesterday is my brother.The supermarket(that/which)we usually go to is closed today.,Back,III.Fill in the blanks,1、This is the professor taught me chemistry in 1980.2、The hospital was built five ye
28、ars ago has been modernized.3、This is the boy father died three years ago.4、The film we saw the day before yesterday is very interesting.5、Do you know the student was praised at the meeting?6、1949 is the year the Peoples Republic of China was founded.7、They work in a factory makes radio parts.8、They
29、 work in a factory radio parts are made.9、This is the vision phone through we can see and talk to our friends.10、Here are players from Japan,some of are our old friends.,Keys,Keys,1、who/that 2、which/that3、whose 4、which/that5、who/that 6、when7、which/that 8、where9、which 10、whom,Back,.Correct the mistak
30、es in the following sentences if there are any,1、He told us about the countries where he had visited.2、Egypt is a country where is famous for its pyramids.3、China is the country where he spent the best part of his life.4、The days when we spent together cannot be easily forgotten.5、The house stands a
31、t the place that the two roads meet.6、We shall visit the college where his father teaches there.7、I know the reason that she looks so worried.8、He left me the book,that is very useful for me.9、This is the room which food is kept.10、April 15,1976 is the day when well never forget.,Keys,Keys,1、wherethat2、wherewhich3、4、whenthat/which5、thatwhere,6、去掉there7、thatwhy8、thatwhich9、whichwhere10、whenwhich/that,Back,
