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1、,Slips,Trips,and Falls,Ed Drannbauer&Carol J.Lehtola,Ph.D.Florida Agricultural Safety ProgramUniversity of Florida,Slips,Trips and Falls,2,Slips,Trips,and Falls,CausesStairsLaddersFall ProtectionWorking conditions that prompt the use of fall protectionOptions that are available to protect workers fr
2、om falls,Slips,Trips and Falls,3,Slips,Trips,and Falls,In 1999 over 1 million people suffered a slip,trip,or falling injury32%from ladders25%from vehicles and other mobile equipmentOver 17,000 Americans diedAbout 15%of workforce injuryAverage cost of one injury:$28,000 with indirect costs much highe
3、r,Slips,Trips and Falls,4,Injured Parts,Most injured part was the back37%from elevated falls29%from same level fallsOf other parts sprains and strains were the most common52%from elevated falls46%from same-level fallsAnd lots of bruises,Oops!,Slips,Trips and Falls,5,What causes a slip and fall?,3 Fo
4、rces,Friction,Momentum,Gravity,Measured by coefficient of frictionWalking surfaceSoles of your shoes,Involves speed and sizeThe bigger you are and the faster you are moving,the greater chance you have of losing your balanceThe bigger you are,the harder you fall,Without support gravity causes things
5、to fall towards the earth,Slips,Trips and Falls,6,Choosing the Right Shoes,All footware should provide these three major types of protectionSoles and heels should be slip-resistantThe toe of the shoe should resist crushing injuriesThe shoe should support the ankleANSI sets standards for shoes and bo
6、ots1-75 C-25,Slips,Trips and Falls,7,Choosing the Right Shoes,What surface do you usually walk on?Soft rubber is good for dry surfaces,but not for wet or greasyHard rubber is good for greasy surfacesDeep tread is better if there is a lot of waterLeather covering is good for most environmentsIn wet e
7、nvironments with chemicals or greases,PVC or polyurethane blend is bestRubber is good for wet conditions,but do not use with chemicals or petroleum productsIf you doubt that your footwear is acceptable,check with the dealer or manufacturer,Slips,Trips and Falls,8,Surfaces,First 15-25 feet of an entr
8、yway is importantPeople may have dirt on their shoesSweeping is importantWalk-off mats are importantMake sure the surface under the mat is cleanMake sure the mat stays secure on the floorShould be kept dry,Slips,Trips and Falls,9,Surfaces Cleaning Floors,Dont add dirty/greasy water to the floorDont
9、use a dirty mopUse a clean bucketMake sure you use proper wax on the floorsDont use contaminated floor polishCleaning oil spillsWipe off the spill and use a dry powder cleaner,then wipe up the powder,Slips,Trips and Falls,10,Surfaces,Weather conditions may cause floors to be wet or ground to be icyK
10、eep work areas cleanTools,cables,etc.Do not block passagewaysClean up spillsBarricade spill until it is cleaned,Slips,Trips and Falls,11,Surfaces,Other things to watch out for:Worn or loose carpetBroken stair tread edgesChipped floorboards and tilesHigh heelsPick up objects that fallWatch where you
11、walk!Fix wrinkled floor mats and runnersCover cables or cords that cross walkways,Slips,Trips and Falls,12,Stairs,Damaged steps or misplaced items are major factors in trips!Dont congregate on stairs and landingsDont load your arms so full of materials that you cant seeTake one step at a timeKeep on
12、e hand on the handrailKeep stairs well lightedDont use stairs for storage,OSHA,Slips,Trips and Falls,13,Handrail and Top Rail Strength,Rails must be able to withstand a force of 200 pounds,Slips,Trips and Falls,14,Handrails,Stairways with four or more risers,or higher than 30 inches,must be equipped
13、 with at least one handrail,The stairway to this platform has more than 4 risers and is not guarded.The platform also requires guarding.,Slips,Trips and Falls,15,Stairways with four or more risers or more than 30 inches high must have a stair rail along each unprotected side or edge,Stair Rails,Slip
14、s,Trips and Falls,16,Must have uniform riser height and tread depth,with less than a 1/4-inch variation,Uniform-30&50 deg.angle,No more than 1/4 inch variation in any stairway system,Stairs,Install between 30 and 50 degrees,Slips,Trips and Falls,17,Stairways landings must be at least 30 inches deep
15、and 22 inches wide at every 12 feet or less of vertical riseUnprotected sides of landings must have standard 42-inch guardrail systems,Stairway Landings,Slips,Trips and Falls,18,Where doors or gates open directly on a stairway,provide a platform that extends at least 20 inches beyond the swing of th
16、e door,Platforms and Swing Doors,Slips,Trips and Falls,19,Ladders,Slips,Trips and Falls,20,General Ladder Requirements,Ladders must be kept in a safe condition,DO Keep the area around the top and bottom of a ladder clearEnsure rungs,cleats,and steps are level and uniformly spacedEnsure rungs are spa
17、ced 10 to 14 inches apartKeep ladders free from slipping hazards,Slips,Trips and Falls,21,DONTDo not tie ladders together to make longer sections,unless designed for such useNever use single rail ladders Do not load ladders beyond the maximum load for which they were built,nor beyond the manufacture
18、rs rated capacity,General Ladder Requirements,Use ladders only for their designed purpose,Slips,Trips and Falls,22,Things to Check,Metal LaddersSharp edgesDentsBent steps,rungs,or railsNo slip-resistant rubber or plastic feetWood LaddersSplits,cracks,chips,loose rungs or stepsFiberglass laddersLoose
19、 componentsMissing componentsCracks and chips,Slips,Trips and Falls,23,Securing Ladders,Secure ladders to prevent movement due to workplace activityOnly use ladders on stable and level surfaces,unless securedDo not use ladders on slippery surfaces unless secured or provided with slip-resistant feet,
20、This ladder is not on a stable surface,Slips,Trips and Falls,24,Inspect before use for cracks,dents,and missing rungsDesign or treat rungs to minimize slippingSide rails:at least 11 inches apartMust support 4 times the maximum load,Portable Ladders,Slips,Trips and Falls,25,Double-Cleated Ladder,Use
21、a double-cleated ladder(with center rail)or 2 or more ladders when ladders are the only way to enter or exit a working area with 25 or more employeeswhen a ladder will serve simultaneous two-way traffic,Slips,Trips and Falls,26,Dont paint laddersDont use an opaque covering(like varnish)on a wood lad
22、der,Painting Wood Ladders,Slips,Trips and Falls,27,Ladder Angle,Non-self-supporting ladders(which lean against a wall or other support):Position at an angle where the horizontal distance from the top support to the foot of the ladder is the working length of the ladder,Slips,Trips and Falls,28,When
23、using a portable ladder for access to an upper landing surface,the side rails must extend at least 3 feet above the upper landing surface,Ladder Rail Extension,Tall Fixed Ladder Requirements,Equip a fixed ladder 24 feet or longer with either:Ladder safety deviceSelf-retracting lifelines with rest pl
24、atforms every 150 feet or lessCage or well,and multiple ladder sections,no section exceeding 50 feet,Slips,Trips and Falls,30,Near Energized Electrical Equipment,If using ladders where the employee or the ladder could contact exposed energized electrical equipment,they must have nonconductive sidera
25、ils such as wood or fiberglass.,This is an unsafe condition,Slips,Trips and Falls,31,Do not use the top or top step of a stepladder as a step,Top Step,Slips,Trips and Falls,32,Dont use crossbracing on the rear of a stepladder for climbing unless the ladder is designed for that,On this ladder the bac
26、k rungs are designed for use,Crossbracing,Slips,Trips and Falls,33,A qualified person must inspect ladders for visible defects,like broken or missing rungsIf a defective ladder is found,immediately mark it defective or tag it Do Not Use”Withdraw defective ladders from service until repaired,Damaged
27、or Defective Ladders,Missing rung,Slips,Trips and Falls,34,Face the ladder when going up or downUse at least one hand to grab the ladder when going up or downDo not carry any object or load that could cause you to lose balance,Climbing the Ladder,Slips,Trips and Falls,35,Ladders,Basic steps that sho
28、uld be taken before climbing a ladderConsider the type of work to be done before choosing a ladderBe certain the ladder is able to carry the amount of weight that will be appliedMake sure the ladder is placed on a firm level surfaceCheck the condition of the ladder,Slips,Trips and Falls,36,Ladder We
29、ight Classes,IndustrialHeavy-duty with a load capacity of not more than 250 lbsCommercialMedium-duty with a load capacity of not more than 225 lbs(Suited for painting)HouseholdLight-duty with a load capacity of 200 lbs,Slips,Trips and Falls,37,Always Use Ladders Properly!,Step LaddersBe certain spre
30、aders are locked before climbing laddersNever stand on top or top step of a stepladderExtension and Straight LaddersRaise extension ladder to desired height and lock both sidesNever stand on top three rungs of a straight or extension ladderDont lean a ladder against a movable objectAlways face ladde
31、r and hold side rails with both hands,when going up or down ladder,Slips,Trips and Falls,38,Other Points,Never use a ladder in a strong wind Never use a ladder in front of a door unless it is locked,blocked or guardedInspect ladders for potential dangers before useKeep your body centered between lad
32、der railsNever carry tools or materials in hands when going up or down a ladderOnly one person on a ladder at a timeIf one must work near power lines,always use a wooden or fiberglass ladder.NEVER work with a metal ladder around power lines,Slips,Trips and Falls,39,Proper Ladder Placement,Place a la
33、dder so that its base is one foot away from what the ladder leans against for every four feet in height to the point where the ladder rests.This is called the four-to-one rule Example:if a 16 foot ladder leans against a wall,its base should be four feet from the wall,Slips,Trips and Falls,40,Proper
34、Ladder Use,Whenever there is any question as to the stability of the ladder,additional effort should be made to stabilize the ladderHaving a second person hold the ladderTying the top of the ladder to the supporting structureAlways use the“belt buckle rule”,Slips,Trips and Falls,41,Fall Protection,S
35、lips,Trips and Falls,42,Falls are the leading cause of deaths in the construction industryMost fatalities occur when employees fall from open-sided floors and through floor openingsFalls from as little as 4 to 6 feet can cause serious lost-time injuries and sometimes deathOpen-sided floors and platf
36、orms 6 feet or more in height must be guarded,Falls,Slips,Trips and Falls,43,Personal Fall Arrest System(PFAS),Guardrails,Safety Net,Fall Protection Options,Slips,Trips and Falls,44,When Fall Protection Is Needed,Walkways&rampsOpen sides&edgesHolesConcrete forms&rebarExcavations,RoofsWall openingsBr
37、icklayingResidential Construction,Slips,Trips and Falls,45,Fall protection systems and work practices must be in place before you start work,Lanyards and PFAS in use,Fall Protection Planning,Slips,Trips and Falls,46,Personal Fall Arrest Systems,You must be trained how to properly use PFASPFAS=anchor
38、age,lifeline and body harness,Slips,Trips and Falls,47,Must be independent of any platform anchorage Capable of supporting at least 5,000 lbs.per worker,Safety Line Anchorage,Slips,Trips and Falls,48,Top rails between 39 and 45 inches tallToeboards at least 3 inches high,Top RailMid-RailToeboard,Gua
39、rdrails,Slips,Trips and Falls,49,Place as close as possible,but no more than 30 feet below where employees work,Safety Nets,Slips,Trips and Falls,50,Guard ramps,runways,and other walkways,Walkways and Ramps,Slips,Trips and Falls,51,Missing Fall Protection,Slips,Trips and Falls,52,Unprotected edge,Un
40、protected Sides&Edges,Unprotected sides and edges must have guardrails or equivalent,Slips,Trips and Falls,53,Improper Guarding,This nylon rope alone is not a proper way to guard this open floor,Slips,Trips and Falls,54,Holes more than 6 feet high must be protectedThis opening could be made safe by
41、using a guardrail,or strong cover,Sky Lights and Other Openings,Slips,Trips and Falls,55,Cover completely and securely If no cover,can guard with a guardrail,Floor Holes,ImproperlyCovered,Slips,Trips and Falls,56,Use PFAS when working on formwork or rebar Cover or cap protruding rebar,Concrete Forms
42、 and Rebar,Slips,Trips and Falls,57,Whats the Falling Distance?,Slips,Trips and Falls,58,Guard excavations more than 6 feet deep when they are not readily seen because of plant growth or other visual barriers,Excavations,In addition to needing guards,this excavation is not properly shored,Slips,Trip
43、s and Falls,59,If you work on roofs and can fall more than 6 feet,you must be protected,Roofs,Slips,Trips and Falls,60,If you work near wall openings 6 feet or more above lower levels you must be protected from falling,Wall opening,Wall Openings,Slips,Trips and Falls,61,Good Work Practices,Perform w
44、ork at ground level if possibleExample:Building prefab roofs on the ground and lifting into place with a craneTether or restrain workers so they cant reach the edgeDesignate and use safety monitors(This is less desirable of all the systems)Use conventional fall protection,Slips,Trips and Falls,62,Su
45、mmary,If you can fall more than 6 feet,you must be protected Use fall protection on:walkways&rampsopen sides&edgesholesconcrete forms&rebarexcavations,roofswall openings,bricklayingresidential constructionProtective measures include guardrails,covers,safety nets,and Personal Fall Arrest Systems,Slip
46、s,Trips and Falls,63,More Workplace Fall Hazards,Slips,Trips and Falls,64,Falling from Vehicles,Death or serious injury is a frequent result of extra riders falling from tractors,equipment or the bed of a truckNO EXTRA RIDERS!When climbing or mounting a vehicle or machine,have a good hand holdPullin
47、g yourself up reduces the force between your shoe and the step and reduces the danger of a slipPractice the“Three-point System”,Slips,Trips and Falls,65,Falls from Loading Docks,Loading docks are dangerous areasMetal dock plates can wear smooth and become very slipperyThe edge of a dock plate invite
48、s trips and falls,Slips,Trips and Falls,66,It only takes a second,to change your life.It only takes a second to think safety!,Be Aware!Be Alert!Be Alive!,Slips,Trips and Falls,67,Get more safety,For more safety information and resources,visit the Florida AgSafe Web site:http:/www.flagsafe.ufl.edu,October 2007,
