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1、目 录第9集 平权行动的争论2第10集 好公民35第9集 平权行动的争论关于平权运动的争论Arguing Affirmative Action上节课我们讨论了Rawls 描述的Last time,we were discussing the distinction, that Rawls draws两种不同类型主张的区别between two different types of claims.其一：道义应得（moral desert）Claims of moral deserton the one hand,其二：合法期望 （legitimate expectations ）and of e
2、ntitlement to legitimate expectations on the other.Rawls 指出 认为分配正义 就是关于道义应得 的问题Rawls argued that its a mistake to think that distributive justice is a matter of moral desert,就是根据人们的品行 进行奖赏，这样想是错误的。a matter of rewarding people according to their virtue.今天，我们将继续探讨 道义应得Today were going to explore that
3、question of moral desert 以及它与分配正义的关系and its relation to distributive justice. 它与收入丰足无关Not in connection with incoming wealth, 而是与机会有关but in its connection with opportunities. 与雇佣决策 和录用标准 有关With hiring decisions and admission standards.因此，我们来转到“平权行动” 这个案例（平权行动，就是给少数族裔和女性提供教育、就业方面的一点特殊照顾）And so we tur
4、n to the case, of affirmative action.你们读过Cheryl Hopwood的案例You read about the case of Cheryl Hopwood.她申请了 得克萨斯州立大学的法学院She applied for admission to the University of Texas Law School.Cheryl Hopwood 通过勤工俭学读完高中Cheryl Hopwood had worked her way through high school,她并非来自富裕的家庭she didnt come from an affluen
5、t family,她让自己读完了社区学院she put herself through community college,以及 加州州立大学 萨克拉门托分校and California State University at Sacramento.她取得了3.8分的平均成绩She achieved a 3.8 grade point average there, 后来 她移居 得克萨斯，成为那里的居民later moved to Texas, became a resident, 参加了法学院的录取考试took the law school admissions test, 取得了优良的成绩
6、did pretty well on that,她申请了 德州大学的法学院and she applied to the University of Texas Law School.但被拒绝了She was turned down.她被拒绝的时候，正值德州大学 实行She was turned down at a time when the University of Texas,“平权行动” 的录取政策时期was using an affirmative action admissions policy.这项政策着重考虑A policy that took into account,肤色 和
7、 种族背景race and ethnic background.德州大学 表示“得克萨斯40%的人口The University of Texas said,40 percent of the population of Texas由 非裔美国人 和 墨西哥裔美国人 组成”is made up of African Americans and Mexican Americans.“作为一所法学院，我们有必要拥有 多样性的学生群体Its important that we, as a law school, have a diverse student body.因此，我们将要考虑的And so
8、 we are going to take into account, 不只有中学成绩 和 考试得分（例如SAT）not only grades and test scores, 而且还要包括 人口学的组成，如 肤色和种族but also the demographic make up of our class including, its race and ethnic profile.Hopwood 要控诉的，正是这个结果The result, and this is what Hopwood complained about,这个政策的结果是the result of that poli
9、cy,一些申请 德州大学法学院的人is that some applicants to the University of Texas Law School,比她学术指数（包括中学成绩和考试得分） 都低的申请人with a lower academic index, which includes grades and test scores,却得到了录取than hers, were admitted.而她却被拒绝了And she was turned down.她控诉道，“我被拒绝的理由 仅仅因为我是白人”She said, she argued, Im just beingturned d
10、own because Im white.如果我不是白人，如果我是少数民族If I werent, if I were a member of a minority group,凭我的成绩和考分，我会被录取的”with my grades and test scoresI would had been admitted.而且，根据在法庭中出示的 统计数据And the statistics, the admissions statistics that came out in the trial,就在那一年，非裔美国人 和 墨西哥裔美国人confirmed that African Ameri
11、can and Mexican American applicants that year,以 和她一样的成绩和考分 获得了录取who had, her grades and test scores,were admitted.官司一直打到 联邦法院It went to Federal Court.现在，先不考虑 法律Now, put aside the law,让我们从 公正和道德的角度 来思考lets consider it from the standpoint of justice and morality.这件事情到底公不公平？Is it fair, or it unfair?Che
12、ryl Hopwood 是否有论据？Does Cheryl Hopwood have a case?她的控诉 合法吗？A legitimate complaint?法学院的录取政策 是否侵犯了她的权利？Were her rights violated, by the admissions policy of the law school?有多少人，有多少人愿意 支持法学院的做法？How many say, how many would rule for the law school,说 录取政策 应该要考虑肤色和人种因素，是公正的？and say that it was just to con
13、sider race and ethnicity as a factor in admissions?有多少人愿意支持Cheryl Hopwood？How many would rule for Cheryl Hopwood 认为“她的权利被侵犯了”？and say her rights were violated? 那么，我们现在分成了 两个势均力敌的阵营So here we have a pretty even split.现在 我想听听支持 Cheryl Hopwood 的意见。Alright, now I want to hear from a defender of Cheryl H
14、opwood. Yes?你根据一个 武断的因素 做出判断Youre basing something thats an arbitrary factor,要知道，Cheryl 无法控制她是一个白人，还是 少数民族you know, Cheryl couldnt control the fact that she was white, or not in a minority.因此.比如 她很努力地准备考试And therefore, you know, its not as if.it was like a test score that she worked hard to try 想证明给
15、你看，她是可以的。而她却出局了and show that she could, you know, put that out there,要知道，她无法控制自己的种族you know, that she had no control over her race.很好。你的名字？BreeGood. And whatre your name? Bree.很好，Bree，留在那儿Okay. Bree, stay right there.现在，让我们再找一个人，来回应BreeNow lets find someone who has an answer for Bree.你？ 教育体系存在着差异Yes
16、? - There are discrepancies in the educational system.大多数时候，我知道 在纽约And the majority of the time, I know this in New York City,少数民族上的学校，都不像白人学校那样，the schools that minorities go to, are not as well-funded,资金充足，供应充足。are not as well-supplied, as white schools.因此，少数民族和白人之间 就形成了 自然的差异And so there is going
17、 to be a discrepancy, naturally, between minorities and between whites.如果白人们 没上到 较好的学校If they go to better schools.他们在考试中的表现 就不会有那么好，因为他们不能得到更多的帮助And they will not do as well on exams because they havent had as much help.因为 那个糟糕的学校体制Because of the worst school systems. 对不起，我来打断一下，告诉我 你的名字吗？Let me ju
18、st interrupt you to, tell me your name? Aneesha，你的意思是Aneesha.- Aneesha. Aneesha, youre pointing out在某些情况下，少数民族的子女所上的学校 可能不能that minority kids may have gone, in some cases, to schools 像有钱人的子女 所上的学校那样，提供同等的教育机会，是吗？that didnt give them the same educational opportunity as kids from affluent families.是的-
19、 Yes.所以，他们的测试分数And so the testscores they got, 可能并不代表 他们真正的实力may actually not representtheir true potential.因为他们没有得到，在资金更充足的学校里 那样的帮助Because they didnt receive the same kind of help that they might have received had they gone to a school with better funding.好的。Aneesha 提出了这样一个观点Good, alright. Aneesha
20、 has raised the point 大学应该录取那些 学术上最有可能成功的学生that colleges still should choose for the greatest academic scholarly promise但 在看他们的中学成绩 和 考试得分时 but in reading the test scores and grades, 还应当根据他们受教育的不平等，来考虑这些成绩和考分 背后的不同意义they should take into account the different meaning those tests and grades have, in
21、the light of educational disadvantage in the background.这就是捍卫“平权行动”的一个理由So thats one argument in defense of affirmative action, Aneeshas argument.矫正不平等的先天条件Correcting for the effects of unequal preparation.教育上的劣势Educational disadvantage.现在，我们再来听听其他看法Now, there are other arguments.为了确定 这里面是否存在着一个竞争性原
22、则Suppose, just to identify whether there is a competing principle here.假设 这里有两位候选人Suppose there are two candidates,两人的成绩和考分 都一样who did equally well on the tests and grades. 两人都在第一流学校里上学Both of whom went to first rate schools. 相比其他候选人，这两人可能还会Two candidates, among those candidates, 在一些大学或学院里 遭到不公正对待，譬
23、如哈佛说would it be unfair for the college or university, for Harvard, to say,我们还是想照顾到 种族和肤色的多样性we still want diversity along racial and ethnic dimensions,即使这样 可能顾及不到 教育不平等对考分的影响”even where we are not correcting for the effects on test scores of educational disadvantage. 对此 你又怎么看？BreeWhat about in that
24、case, Bree?如果 这是其中一个（录取标准），成为了一些人的优势If its thats one thing that puts, you know, someone over the edge,那么，我猜那会是合理的then its, I guess that would be,you know, justifiable.但如果只考虑他们的其他方面，例如天赋和出身If everything else about the individual first, though, everything to consider about that persons you know, talen
25、ts, and where they come from, and who they are没有这些“专横的因素”的话，这两人是一样的。without these arbitrary factors, is the same.没有这些 你所说的“专横的因素”Without these arbitrary factors, you call them.你是说，种族和肤色都是“专横的因素”But before, you were suggesting, Bree, that race and ethnicity are arbitrary factors是申请人无法控制的。好的，我同意这一点out
26、side the control of the applicants.- True, I would agree with that.你的总原则是，录取时 不应该奖励这些 人们无法控制的、专横的因素。And your general principle is that admissions shouldnt reward arbitrary factors, over which people have no control.- Right.好的。还有谁。谢谢你们二位Alright. Who else, who else would like to, thank you both.谁愿意对此发
27、表意见？你会怎么说？Who else would like to get into this, what do you say?好的。首先，我暂时支持 “平权行动”Well, first of all, Im for affirmative action temporarily, 但 这里有两个理由but, for two reasons.首先，你必须看到 大学的目的是什么First of all, you have to look at the universitys purpose.它的目的是教育学生It is to educate their students.我认为，来自不同种族的人们
28、，有着不同的背景And I feel that different races, people coming from different races have different backgrounds 他们为教育做出的贡献也不同and they contribute differently to the education.其次，当说到 他们有平等的背景时And second of all, when you say that they have equal backgrounds,如果把眼光放远，你会发现不是这样的。thats not true when you look at the
29、broader picture,看看奴隶制时期。而“平权行动”就像是对此的一种补偿。and you look at slavery and this is kind of a reparation.它是 为了缓解这段历史，特别是对非裔美国人犯下的错误，的一种临时性的解决措施。I think affirmative action is a temporary solution to alleviate history, and the wrongs done to African Americans in particular.你的名字？And whats your name?DavidDavi
30、d，你说 消除歧视行为David.- David. You say that affirmative action至少在目前，它是对过去那段不正义的历史 的一种补偿is justified at least for now as a way of compensating for past injustice.是黑奴制和种族隔离 遗留下来的产物。 是的。The legacy of slavery and segregation.- Right.谁想来接着这点谈下去？Who wants to take on that argument?我们现在需要听听 对“平权行动” 的批评We need no
31、w a critic of affirmative action. 好的，请Yes, go ahead.我认为，过去发生的事情，与今天发生的事情 毫无关系I think that what happened in the past has no bearing on what happens today.我认为，基于种族 来差别对待的做法 总是错误的I think that discriminating based on race should always be wrong.无论你歧视一个种族，还是另外一个。Whether youre discriminating against one g
32、roup or another.仅仅因为我们的祖先做了某些事情Just because our ancestors did something,并不意味着 就一定要影响到我们今天发生的事情doesnt mean that that should have any effect on what happens with us today.好的，很好。对不起，你的名字？KateAlright, good. Im sorry, your name is?- Kate.Kate。好的。谁来回应Kate的观点？Kate. Alright, who has an answer for Kate?我只是想说
33、Yes.- I just wanted to comment and say that,告诉我 你的名字- Tell us your name.我的名字是Mansur。由于奴隶制，由于过去的不公正My name is Mansur. Because of slavery, because of past injustices, 导致今天 非裔美国人的贫困比例更高today, we have a higher proportion of African Americans who are in poverty,他们面对的机会比白人更少who face less opportunities tha
34、n white people.因此，由于200年前的奴隶制So because of slavery 200 years ago,由于Jim Crow（对黑人的蔑称），由于种族隔离and because of Jim Crow, and because of segregation,才有我们今天 建立在种族基础上的不公正today we have injustice based on race.Kate？我认为 差异是显然存在的Kate?- I think that there are differences obviously,但不能通过 对结果的人工修正，来弥补这些差异 but the w
35、ay to fix those differences is not by some artificial fixing of the result.你得解决这个问题You need to fix the problem.所以，我们解决教育的差别问题So we need to address differences in education,通过像 Head Start这样的项目，来解决在儿童早期的教育差异and differences in upbringing with programs like Head Start,给那些低收入的学校 提供更多资助and giving more fun
36、ding to lower income schools而不是仅仅去 尝试修补那个结果rather than just trying to fix the result, 那样做的话，只是看上去平等，但实际上并非如此。so it makes it look like its equal when its really it isnt.是的Yes.关于 建立在种族基础上的“平权行动” Well, with regard to affirmative action based on race,我只是想说，在这个国家里，白人有自己的“平权行动” I just want to say that whi
37、te people have had their own affirmative action已经超过400年历史了in this country for more than 400 years.它被叫做 “任人唯亲”和 “补偿”Its called nepotism and quid pro quo.因此，纠正 400年来对黑人的不公正和歧视，并无不妥。So theres nothing wrong with correcting the injustice and discrimination thats been done to black people for 400 years.很好
38、，告诉我你的名字？HannahGood. Tell us your name.- Hannah.Hannah。好的。谁来回应Hannah？Hannah. Alright who has an answer for Hannah?或者补充她的观点And just to add to Hannahs point, 因为现在我们需要某个人回答because we need now someone to respond, Hannah，你应该要提一下“遗留录取” 的政策 (你的子女申请你的母校，会有特别的优待)Hannah, you could have also mentioned legacy a
39、dmissions.我正要说这一点Exactly. I was going to say,如果你不同意 “平权行动” if you disagree with affirmative action, 你应该也不会同意“遗留录取” 的政策you should disagree with legacy admission 因为很显然，环顾这里，because its obvious from looking around here that 哈佛的历史上，白人“遗留生” 要远多于 黑人“遗留生”there are more white legacies than black legacies in
40、 the history of Harvard University.解释一下 “遗留录取” 的政策And explain what legacy admissions are.好的。“遗留录取” 是让你的子女申请你的母校时，会有特别的优待Well, legacy admissions is giving an advantage to someone who has an arbitrary privilege of their parent having attended the university to which theyre applying.好的。给Hannah的一个回应Alri
41、ght, so a reply for Hannah.是的，二楼的，请Yes, in the balcony, go ahead.首先，如果“平权行动” 是为了 补救过去的不公正First of all, if affirmative action is making up for past injustice,那么，你怎样解释 在过去的美国历史上，没有遭到歧视的少数族裔how do you explain minorities that were not historically discriminated against in the United States 也从中得到好处呢？who
42、get these advantages?此外，“平权行动” 让种族的隔阂 长久存在In addition, you could argue that affirmative action perpetuates divisions between the races 而没有实现 让种族 成为我们的社会里无关紧要因素这一最高目标rather than achieve the ultimate goal of race being an irrelevant factor in our society.告诉我 你的名字And what, tell us your name.DanielleHan
43、nahDanielle.- Hannah.我不同意这一点。因为我认为 在这样一个机构里促进多样性I disagree with that because I think that by promoting diversity in an institution like this,你就能进一步地步教育所有学生，尤其是那些过去都生活在白人圈子里的学生。you further educate all of the students, especially the white students who grew up in predominately white areas.让人们接触不同背景的人，
44、这当然是教育的一种形式。Its certainly a form of education to be exposed to people from different backgrounds.当你让白人都生活在自己的白人圈子里，你便让他们处于一种内在的劣势之中。And you put white students at an inherent disadvantage when you surround them only with their own kind.为什一定要把种族 与 多样性等同起来？Why should race necessarily be equated with di
45、versity?我们有许多其他的形式，我们为什么就假定了 种族让大家不同？There are so many other forms, why should we assume that race makes people different?而且，这使得种族隔阂的思想 长存于我们的大学和社会里。Hannah?Again, thats perpetuating the idea of racial division within our universities and our society.- Hannah?对于非裔美国人受到的这种特别优待With regard to African Am
46、erican people being given a special advantage,显然，他们给大家带来了一些 独特的东西its obvious that they bring something special to the table,因为 就像来自一种不同宗教信仰或社会经济背景人一样，他们带来了一种独特的视角because they have a unique perspective just as someone from a different religion or socio-economic background would, as well.如你所言，多样性的形式有很多。As you say, there are many different types of diversity.所以，没有理由把人种的多样性 从这些标准中抹煞掉Theres no reason that racial diversity should be eliminated from that criteria.是的，继续Yes, go ahead.在这个国家，种族歧视是非法的Racial discrimination is illegal in this country,我相信 那些非裔美国人领袖本人and I believe that it was A
