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1、On Thomas Hardys Religious Sense in His Works小议托马斯哈代作品中体现的宗教观念 Abstract: Religion has a profound influence on the works of European and American writers. .From a series works of Thomas Hardy, clearly we can see the influence of The Bible on him .Nevertheless, though Hardy failed to eliminate the lim
2、itation of Tragic predestination and religious tradition , By the case study analyzing on the works of Thomas Hardy ,this paper makes an research on the distinguished religious sense of Thomas Hardy as well as its cause of formation. 内容摘要：宗教对欧美作家的文学作品有着深远的影响。从托马斯哈代的一系列作品里，我们可以清楚地看到圣经和宗教对托马斯哈代的影响。然而，
3、虽然哈代没有摆脱悲观宿命和宗教习俗的局限性，但他对人物形象地塑造以及小说意向的组合无疑对社会的伦理道德和基督教义进行了讽刺和抨击。通过对托马斯哈代作品的个案研究分析，本文分析了哈代独特的的宗教观念及其成因。 关键词：托马斯宗教观念 Chapter1.Background of Thomas Hardy Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) is one of the greatest English poet and novelist between the 18th Century and the 20thcentury(Victorian period).Hardy is fa
4、mous for his depictions of the imaginary county Wessex”. Hardy is a cross-century literary giant. Success has masked the Wessex novels left a profound impression. Hardys work reflected his stoical pessimism and sense of tragedy in human life.(women especially),and of deep changes of social economy,
5、politics, ethics and custom after the invasion of capitalism into the English countryside and towns. They exposed the hypocrisies of the capitalistic ethics, law and religion, which inherited the excellent tradition of realistic criticism as well as exploited a road for English literature in the 20t
6、h century. Hardy kept cracking tragedies of Greek and Shakespeare with all his life, and was influenced by the skepticism of neoteric scientific ideology, so that his opinion towards life was pessimistic and fated, and he thought that no matter what kind of degree human society had developed, human
7、being were unable to get rid of the tricks of the fate. This kind of ideology became a big window for Hardys writing, and in his works, coincidences were everywhere, natures tinge suffused around, environment served as a foil to the roles, and the roles characters were mixed up with the environment.
8、 These were ingenuities exerted by the writer, in addition, Hardy had worked as an architect in his early time,so his works were written with a style that could be relished again and again. The scenarioes, characters and sceneries of Hardys works were so fine, perfect, compact and harmonic that few
9、writers could compete with him. Chapter 2 Thomas Hardys Religious Beliefs 1.1Profile Like so many other major Victorian authors, on his early stage, Thomas Hardy had an important Evangelical phase that left a deep impress on his thought. Examining the text of a sermon clearly marked by Evangelical s
10、tyle and theology that the eighteen-year-old Hardy wrote, we can concludes that it provides convincing evidence of Hardys already being sympathetic to Evangelicalism by October 1858, his taking sufficiently seriously his so-called “dream” of ordination to practice writing a sermon, and, most signifi
11、cantly, his having a personal faith that was both ardent and orthodox”. This new evidence proves important because it requires rewriting the history of the novelists religious belief or beliefs. Thomas Hardy used to be an architects apprentice in Dorchester. At this stage, Hardy studied intensively
12、on the Bible and further inquired into Anglican doctrine on pedobaptism. 1.2Detailed Research Although one his oldest friends, Henry Bastow, an ardent Baptist who emigrated to Australia, long ago claimed that in Hardy had been an Evangelical, scholars have generally dismissed his remarks, largely on
13、 the basis of the autobiography. Www.LunWenNet.ComThe Hardy of Life and Work presents his youthful faith as gentlemanly and unimpassioned, more social that religious, and fundamentally different from the Evangelical indeed evangelistic zeal embodied in the sermon. This Hardy presumably never underwe
14、nt a classic Victorian loss of faith because he never had a sustained, personal faith to lose”. The new evidence paints a very different picture. Citing Timothy Hands 1989 notable book on Hardy and Christianity, Dalziel lists the novelists lifelong connections to the orthodox Christianity he was soo
15、n to abandon: (1)His familys associations with the established church ; (2)His lifelong love of church music and the language of the Bible and the Book of Common Prayer; (3)His continued attending religious services ; (4)His poetrys occasional expression longing for belief (e.g. The Oxen).; (5)His c
16、onviction that the Church was and should remain the social, ethical, and educational center of a community. Despite these lifelong connections with the Church of England connections much firmer and more numerous than most Victorian authors who lost their belief Hardy repeatedly articulated both his
17、conviction that the Cause of Things must be unconscious, neither moral nor immoral, but unmoral, and his hope that this Unconscious Will was evolving into consciousness would ultimately become sympathetic”. Nonetheless, Dalziel argues that however far Hardy moved from his Evangelical sermon of 1858,
18、 its three main points remain the central preoccupations of his life: the emphasis on the law as curse, on suffering, and on the saving force of love . She therefore argues that Hardy the atheist remained profoundly Christian in many ways. However, there are some question remains .if one retains som
19、e of the cultural, emotional, and even ethical attitudes of Christianity, as so many Victorian non-believers did, but does not have any faith in a personal god, much less in the divinity of Christ and salvation through him, can these attitudes still be considered Christian? Wouldnt it be less tenden
20、tious and a lot more convincing simply to state that Thomas Hardy might have wished he could have remained a Christian, but that he didnt, or that he always retained many ideas and attitudes associated with Christianity (and, of course, with other religions as well) but not the fundamental beliefs t
21、hat grounded them. Such a characterization of Hardy would seem more true to the Victorian frame of mind that would overemphasizing Hardys Christian-ness. For me the point remains not that, like so many other Victorians, he retained habits of mind associated with Christianity after he abandoned it bu
22、t that he abandoned it for a belief in some Unconscious Wi ll. Chapter2 Case Study (1): Take Jude the obscure as an example 2.1 About the novel Jude the Obscure was initially published in abridged form in Harper New Monthly under the title Hearts Insurgent between 1894 and 1895, and later published
23、in full in the 1895 edition of Hardys works. To say the very least it was poorly received. Perhaps due to such fierce criticism it was Hardy who last novel before he took to writing only poetry and drama. It is the story of various illicit unions that form themselves around the central character of
24、Jude Fawley, the village mason. He is encouraged by Phillotson, a schoolmaster, to apply for Christminster (representing Oxford University), but as in every part of his life he is tormented by rejection. In this novel, Bridehead (married unhappily to Phillotson) and other chanters have an illicit re
25、lationship. However, her contradictory desires prevent their long-term contentedness since she seeks freedom to the cost of love. We learn of the death of Sue and Judes children at the hands of Judes only child by Arabella since the latter believes none of them have the right to live. The novel conc
26、erns Judes ambition as it is thwarted repeatedly by the squalid nature of a life ruined by poverty and the indecision of others. Like The Mayor of Casterbridge, Tess of the Drbervilles and others the novel ends with the protagonist miserable death that represents only the indecency of fate that caus
27、es suffering even or perhaps especially in the pure of heart.Www_LunWenNet_Com 2.2 Religious sense in Jude the Obscure In Jude the Obscure, Hardy shows his views on religion and commitment to the Church which were said to have declined in the latter years of his life. (Ingham, xxvii) Throughout the
28、book Hardy displays his feeling that religion is something that people use in order to satisfy themselves by giving their lives meaning. One instance in which Hardy clearly displays this is when he writes, It had been the yearning of his heart to find something to cling to. (Ingham, 94) In order to
29、bring out this point Hardy chooses to create Jude as an orphan and has him come from obscure origins. By doing this, he creates a character who is looking for something to give him an identity. As a result of his relationship with Mr. Phillotson (who leaves for Christminster in order to become ordai
30、ned), he finds religion and feels that he can use it to help him gain an identity. Hardy feels that people should shy away from their old ways of thinking and begin to forma new one. In this novel,Jude,is a kind-hearted sentimental young man who fell guilty on every hurt of creatures even a earthwor
31、m. Ironically,every such a religious man like Jude failed to get the bless from God. Here, Hardy is telling a truth to readers :God is indifferent with human beings. Chapter3 Case Study (2): Take The Return of the Native as an example 3.1About the Novel As one of the master pieces of Tomas Hardy, Th
32、e Return of the Native(1878) is a story of extremes, of all-consuming passions and fierce ambitions, played out in the vast and overwhelming setting of Egdon Heath. It is a tragedy of ordinary lives: a family quarrel, romantic entanglements and the desire to escape are the elements which are brought
33、 together with a life-shattering intensity. Here, all life is a struggle for existence and the working of an apparently malign fate drives the story with a tragic inevitability. A foreboding atmosphere dominates most of the novel, and superstition and pagan rites contribute to the sense of the power
34、ful forces which seem hostile to humanity, yet in control of human destiny. Like all of Hardys work, The Return of the Native is passionate and controversial, with themes and sympathies beyond what a good Victorian would ever admit. A modern and honest novel of chance and choice, faith and infidelit
35、ies, this dark story asks what is free will and what is fate? What is the true nature of nature, and how do we fit together? Can we fit together? A tragedy set in the barren land of Edgon Heath. Our heroine, Eustacia, is proud, passionate, cruel, fickle, avaricious, and desperate. She burns every life she touches, never able to find the mad love and exotic world she dreams of. Our supposed hero, Clym, is modest, steady, plain, moral, and dutiful. He is satisfied returning from Paris to the simple comfort of home.
