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1、本科生毕业论文 （ 2011 ）届论文（设计）题目：TheodoreDreisers ChangingViewon Womenfrom Sister Carrie to Jennie Gerhardt从嘉莉妹妹到珍妮姑娘论德莱塞女性观的变迁学 院： 外国语学院 专 业： 英语教育 学 号： 姓 名： 指导老师姓名及职称： （讲师） （未定职） ContentsAcknowledgementsiAbstract in EnglishiiAbstract in ChineseiiiI. Introduction11.1 About Dreisers Life11.2 His Literary Ac
2、hievements2II. Literature Review52.1 Critical Reception on Sister Carrie and Jennie Gerhardt Abroad52.2 Critical Reception on Sister Carrie and Jennie Gerhardt at Home6III. Dreisers View on Women in Sister Carrie and Jennie Gerhardt73.1 Dreisers View on Women Reflected in Sister Carrie83.2 Dreisers
3、View on Women Reflected in Jennie Gerhardt11IV. Vicissitude of Dreisers View on Women in Sister Carrie and Jennie Gerhardt144.1 Vicissitude of Dreisers View on Women in Sister Carrie144.2 Vicissitude of Dreisers View on Women in Jennie Gerhardt19V. Conclusion22Works Cited24AcknowledgementsAfter enjo
4、ying the hard work of doing research on Theodore Dreisers worksSister Carrie and Jennie Gerhardt, I am happy to have the opportunity to acknowledge formally my supervisor, Ms Cai Yun and Ms Yin Ji, who spent her precious time discussing with me about every detail of my work. Without their constant e
5、ncouragement and patient advice, my thesis can never be complete. I am grateful to them not only for their enthusiasm but also for their expert suggestions and guidance. Their profound knowledge, graceful manners fill me with admiration. Secondly, my thanks also go to Professor Liu Yuhong and Miss D
6、eng Lijian. I really appreciate their valuable advice in completion of this thesis.致谢词在研究完有关西奥多德莱塞的两部作品嘉莉妹妹和珍妮姑娘后，我很高兴能够有机会正式的向我的论文指导老师蔡云老师和尹姬老师表示衷心的感谢。感谢她们抽出时间与我讨论我的论文中的每一个细节。没有她们不断的鼓励和耐心的指导，我的论文不可能顺利完成。非常感激她们的热情和专业性的建议和指导使我万分钦佩。其次，还要特别感谢刘玉红教授、邓丽坚老师，她们在本论文写作中也提出了宝贵的意见。iTheodoreDreisers ChangingView
7、on Womenfrom Sister Carrie to Jennie GerhardtCollege of Foreign Studies, Guangxi Normal University 200710500075 Luo NaSupervisors: Cai Yun&Yin Ji Abstract Theodore Dreiser occupies an important position in modern American literature. Sister Carrie and Jennie Gerhardt are his two representative works
8、. At first, both Carrie and Jennie are two pure girls who want to change their poor life. However, both of them become mistresses in order to change their terrible situation, and their behaviors disobey the traditional values which refer to moral codes and mores that are passed down from generation
9、to generation within a community. This thesis is to make an analysis of Dreisers changingviewon women. Dreiser makes use of Carrie and Jennies tragedy to reveal his values on women which are different from the traditional values. He points that women like Carrie and Jennie have the right to satisfy
10、their material pursuits and spiritual pursuits. They should not depend on man to find their self-esteem. However, making a comparison between Sister Carrie and Jennie Gerhardts ending, while Carrie becomes a successful actress by her efforts and opportunities, she is disillusioned spiritually; while
11、 Jennie lost her relatives, daughter and lovers, she is contented spiritually. Dreiser changes his view on women from affirmation of female struggle to affirmation of female self-sacrifice; it was a sign of his regressive feminine consciousness.Key words Carrie; Jennie; traditional values; view on w
12、omenii从嘉莉妹妹到珍妮姑娘论德莱塞女性观的变迁广西师范大学外国语学院 英语教育专业 200710500075 罗娜指导老师：蔡云 尹姬内容摘要 西奥多德莱塞（Theodore Dreiser，1871-1945）在美国现代小说发展历程中占很重要的地位。嘉莉妹妹和珍妮姑娘是德莱塞的两部代表作。女主角嘉莉和珍妮是两个很想通过自己努力来改变生活困境的纯洁善良的女孩，可是她们成为别人情妇来改变生活的行为却不能被社会所接受。这种行为违背了当时社会的传统道德观。本文主要通过分析嘉莉和珍妮的悲剧来展示德莱塞的不同于传统道德观的女性观。他认为像嘉莉和珍妮这样的女人有权利去满足自己的物质追求和精神追求，她
13、们不应该通过依靠男人来树立自己的自尊。然而，通过两个故事的结局对比，嘉莉通过自己的努力和机遇成为了一名成功的女演员，但是她的内心感到十分空虚；珍妮最后失去了自己的亲人，女儿和爱人，可是她却得到了精神上的满足。关键词 嘉莉妹妹；珍妮姑娘；女性观；传统女性观iiiI. Introduction1.1 About Dreisers LifeTheodore Dreiser occupies an important position in modern American literature. Alan Tait regarded Dreiser, Hemingway and Faulkner as
14、 the most important novelist in American realism literature. Because of the publication of Sister Carrie in 1900, Dreiser committed his literary force to opening the new ground of American realism. With the use of simple and direct language, Dreiser is a pioneer in telling a series of stories about
15、“the mechanistic brutality of American society.” (Chang Yaoxin, 2001: 298) Theodore Dreisers work has its distinct characteristics. A famous American literary critic said, “Many American writers have a common characteristic for a time, that is, their works are read like natural and smooth writing wi
16、thout tenderness, but Theodore Dreisers works are read like Unbearable pain.” (Alfred Kazin, 1955:3) “He is the first novelist to capture the modern American,” as Marcus Cunliffe stated. (Marcus Cunliffe, 1975:205) Theodore Dreiser was born in Indiana on August 27, 1871, into a German immigrant fami
17、ly. Living in a poor and intensely religious family, his father demanded the kids behave in conformity with Catholic. At the late 19th century to early 20th century, New York, Philadelphia, Boston and Chicago had become an international metropolis in America. Thousands of people came in flocks in or
18、der to find a job. At fifteen Dreiser fled from home and went to Chicago, Dreiser dreamed of wealth and social success in the great metropolis. When he was eighteen, a sympathetic teacher helped him enter the University of Indiana, but he quitted after a year and returned to Chicago. Later, he becam
19、e a journalist on the Chicago Globe and worked in St. Louis and Pittsburg before arriving in New York in 1894. Apart from school education, Dreiser read voraciously by himself. He immersed himself in Dickens and Thackeray, read widely Shakespeare, and tasted Bunyan, Fielding, Pope, Thoreau, Emerson,
20、 and Mark Twain, but his true literary influences were from Balzac, Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer the ideas from those books. He embraced social Darwinism. Dreiser learned to regard man as merely “an animal driven by greed and lust in struggle for existence in which only the fittest, the most r
21、uthless, survive.” (Everett Carter, 1963:402) Robert E. Spiller once noted in his book, The Cycle of American Literature: “To Dreiser, man is only a mechanism reacting to chemic compulsions, and human tragedy comes as a result of the collision between mans biological needs and societys ruthless mani
22、pulation. Life is predatory, a “game” of the lecherous and heatless, a jungle struggle in which man, being “a waif and an interloper in nature,” “a wisp in the wind of social forces,” is a mere pawn in the general scheme of things, with no power whatever to assert his will. No one is ethically free;
23、 everything is determined by a complex of internal chemisms and by the forces of social pressure.” (Robert E. Spiller, 1951:175)1.2 His Literary AchievementsIn the early period, Dreiser began to publish his first novel Sister Carrie in 1900, one of the most famous works in American literary history,
24、 followed by Jennie Gerhardt (1911) and two volumes of his “Trilogy of Desire,” The Financier (1912) and The Titan (1914). Dreisers other works include The Genius (1915) which told us a story about a misunderstood artist who can be considered as Dreiser himself. It was condemned for “obscenity and b
25、lasphemy.” (Liu Shusen，2006:264)In the middle period, Dreisers greatest work An American Tragedy (1925) was published. In 1927, Dreiser and the American delegation were invited to Russia and then he wrote Dreiser Looks at Russia (1928) and Tragic America (1931) to express his new faith.In later stag
26、e, Dreiser published The Bulwark in 1945. The Stoic, one of his “Trilogy of Desire” published in 1947 posthumously. In the book Sister Carrie, Caroline Meeber, known as Carrie, leaves her home at the age of eighteen and takes the train to Chicago. Carrie meets a man named Drouet and she is attracted
27、 by the way he treats her. So she agrees to allow him to rent an apartment for her. Drouet then introduces Carrie to his friend Hurstwood, a manager of one of the top bars in the city. Hurstwood is far more refined and elegant than Drouet. He falls in love with her and starts to think of getting her
28、 to run away with him. One evening Hurstwood steals ten thousand dollars from the unlocked safe of his workplace. Without thinking he takes the cash and rushes to Carries apartment and they leave for New York City. As Hurstwood loses his work and social status, Carrie loses interest in him and start
29、s considering her other alternatives. Finally Carrie is lucky to be a famous actress in Broadway. At last the novel traces Carries rise and Hurstwoods fall. Hurstwood becomes a homeless beggar, whereas Carrie becomes an overnight star. Although Carrie has been success, she becomes unhappy with her s
30、tate in the world.In this book, Dreiser made no moral judgments on his characters behavior. The author wrote about infidelity and prostitution as natural occurrences in the course of human relationships. He wrote about his characters with pity, compassion, and a sense of self-esteem. Jennie Gerhardt
31、 is a story about a poor girl, Jennie. While working in a hotel in Columbus, Jennie meets Senator George Brander who becomes infatuated with her. He helps her family and wants to marry her. Jennie is thankful for his benevolence and agrees to sleep with him. Unfortunately the Senator dies, leaving h
32、er pregnant. She gives birth to a daughter, and moves to Cleveland where she finds work as a ladys maid to a renowned family. Consequently, she meets Lester Kane, a prosperous manufacturers son. Jennie falls in love with him and impressed by his strong will and generosity. Lester doesnt know that Je
33、nnie has a child, and he wishes to marry her, but his family disapproved, so he decides to treat her as his mistress. They live together successfully in Chicago, even through Lester finds that Vesta is Jennies daughter after three years, he does not leave Jennie by the reason of the pressure given b
34、y his family. But after his fathers death he discovers that he will not inherit a substantial part of the family business unless he discards her. Finally he separates from Jennie with the agreement of Jennie. At the end of the story, Jennie loses her daughter to typhoid and adopts two orphans. Leste
35、r becomes ill and he tells Jennie he still loves her, and she accompanies him until his death.In this book, Dreiser portrayed a brave and pure girl in order to show that women like Jennie could seek love. On the one hand, it was lucky to Jennie that she could meet two persons from upper class and wo
36、n their love and she brought benefits for her poor family. On the other hand, she was unlucky. Because of poverty, Jennie had little chance to make a decision. It is destined that she would lose her love. Both Sister Carrie and Jennie Gerhardt reflect Dreisers provocative theme of human beings and s
37、ociety. When Dreiser sent the manuscript to a publisher it was rejected because it was thought likely to offend “the feminine readers who control the destinies of so many works” (Chang Yaoxin, 2001:300) With the publication of Sister Carrie which was rejected because of its relentless narration in p
38、resenting the true nature of American life, Dreiser was the first American writer to view the “abundant materialism” of nineteenth-century America from within the perspective of the have-nots. (Andrew Hook, 1983:193) His own early experience of poor life and hardship made it possible for him to be u
39、nsympathetic towards those men whose aim in life was to overcome such conditions. Dreiser was later known as a significant American writer in literary realism, which is a new literary mode that had been practiced and defended by William Dean Howells (1837-1920) that is “nothing more and nothing less
40、 than the truthful treatment of material.” (Liu Shusen, 2006:235) In Dreisers work he emphasized heredity and environment as an important deterministic force to shape individualized characters that were presented in special and detailed circumstances. For the poor, life was shown to be ironic and tr
41、agic. He described it as “a welter of inscrutable force” in which each individual was trapped. (Liu Shusen, 2006:525) As a result, Dreiser exposed the enormous gap between the conventions of traditional morality and the realities of life as these were experienced by the urban people in America. The
42、effect of Darwinist idea of “survival of the fittest” influenced Dreiser so that it is not surprising to find in his works a world where full of the law “kill or be killed.” Sister Carrie and Jennie Gerhardt did more change modern American fiction than any since. II. Literature Review2.1 Critical Re
43、ception on Sister Carrie and Jennie Gerhardt AbroadAs Sister Carrie and Jennie Gerhardt earned Dreiser a reputation in literature, quite different comments on them focus on the general studies, description of characters and writing techniques etc. In terms of the general studies, Samuel Sillen illus
44、trated in Notes on Dreiser (1955) Dreisers writing style was influenced by Balzac. Both On Native Grounds (1942) written by Irving Howe and Theodore Dreiser (1946) composed by Carl Van Dorgen gave brief introductions to Theodore Dreisers life and his literary creations.In terms of the description of
45、 characters, William Marion Reedy viewed that Carrie was “real” but “paradoxicallyshadowy” in his book “Sister Carrie.” (1901:6-7) Words like “shadowy” and “paradoxically” expressed the uneasiness of early critics felt about the character. Behind this judgment lies a more general sense that Dreiser
46、possesses “very little of the psychologists skill in portraying the inner life of his characters.” (G. K. Hall, 1981:158) Certainly Dreisers way of assigning motivation to characters lends itself to this circumstance. In terms of the writing technique researches, James Donal Adams explored how Dreis
47、er portrayed characters in a “verbose” way but achieved a complex effect in Heavy Hand of Dreiser (1945). Besides, critics paid close attention to the influence of naturalism on Theodore Dreisers writing. In The Barbaric Naturalism of Mr. Dreiser (1955) Stuart P. Sherman explained that Dreiser showe
48、d his view on women from the perspective of naturalism. Most people consider that there are similarities between these two books. The description of two characters shows the every aspect of American society. However both Carrie and Jennie have different endings. It seems that, to Philip L. Gerber (1964), in Jennie Gerhardt, Dreiser sh
