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1、 英国文学史资料British Writers and WorksI. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds ofa hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand andelevated.e.g. Homer
2、s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:1. Using alliterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some wordsin a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P52. Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlledw
3、ay Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to expresstheir ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里乔叟1340(?)1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作坎特伯雷故事集。)The father of English poetry.It is _alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive (综合的，广泛的
4、)realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. ( A )A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Matin Luther C. William Langland D. John Gower writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity. <The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use heroi
5、c couplet(双韵体) by middle English<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德 <The House of Fame>声誉之宫Medieval Ages popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)Famous three：King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real
6、 mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of t
7、he Renaissance rebirth or revival:1 1. new discoveries in geography and astrology2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙斯宾塞15521599（后人称之为“诗人的诗
8、人”。） The poets poet.The first to be buried in the Poets corner of Westerminster Abbey12. Which of the following statements is not the reason for that Edmund Spenser is famous for “the poets poet”? ( B )A. Spensers idealism B. his struggle for criteriaC. his love of beauty D. his exquisite melody <
9、;The Faerie Queene>仙后(for Queen Elizabeth)The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something moreromantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.Artistic features:1. Using Spenserian StanzaDefinition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine linesababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line
10、iniambic hexameter. <The Shepherds Calendar>牧人日历The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind. <Amoretti>爱情小唱n2. Thomasn More托马斯莫尔14781535One of the greatest English humanists<Utopia>乌托邦n3. Francisn Bacon弗兰西斯培根15611626（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）P
11、hilosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.nWriting style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to mans reason.<The Advancement of Learning>学术的推进<Essays>随笔(famous q
12、uotas: <Of studies>)nThe theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and differentways adopted by different people to pursuestudies.4. Ben Jonson<Comedy of Humours><Volpone, or the fox>狐狸2 5. Christophern Marlowe柯里斯托弗马洛15641595“University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama（完善了
13、无韵体诗。）Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.14. Marlowe gave new vigor to _ with his “mighty lines” ( D )A. the Petrarchan sonnet B. sestinaC. terza rima D. blank verse<The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus>浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成）<Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝n<The Jew of Malta>马耳他
14、的犹太人6. William Shakespeare威廉莎士比亚15641616n Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIIIFour Comedies: <As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜;<A Midsummer NightS Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <MerchantOf Venice>威尼斯商人Four Tragedies: <Hamlet>哈姆莱特;
15、<Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually iniambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhymescheme.III The 17th Century1. John Milton约翰弥尔顿1
16、6081674（诗人、政论家;失明后写 失乐园、复乐园、力士参孙。） Epics: <Paradise Lost>失乐园n<Paradisen Regained>复乐园Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙 <Areopagitica>论出版自由n<The Defence of the English People>为英国人民声辩 <On His Blindness>我的失明This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in ab
17、ba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet.Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best.2. John Bunyan约翰班扬16281688（代表作天路历程，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的神曲、奥古斯丁的忏悔录并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。）Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人)Religionary Allegory:<
18、The Pilgrims Progress>天路历程n3. John Donne3 the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poets beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）Artistic features:1. con
19、ceits or imagery奇思妙喻2. syllogism三段论 Meditations 沉思录The Flea 虱子 Songs And SonnetsHoly SonnetsValediction:<Forbidding Mourning>IV The 18th Century：Enlightenment同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, re
20、strained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracyThe Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, moder
21、n English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)1. Alexander Pope亚历山大蒲柏16881744（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。）As a representative of the Enlightenment， Pope was one of the first to introduce
22、 rationalism to England.Eg. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, who was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England? ( C )A. John Bunyan B. Daniel Defoe C. Alexander Pope D. Jonathan Swift <An Essay on Criticism>批评论nArtistic features:1.Using “heroic couplets” <The Rape
23、of the Lock>卷发遇劫记 <Moral Essays>道德论<Essay on Man>人论n<The Dunciad>愚人记2. Samueln Johnson塞缪尔约翰逊17091784Dictionary =<A Dictionary of English Language>英语大词典n3. Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特166717454 （十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。） <Gullivers Travels>格列佛游记(fictional work)Four
24、 parts:Lilliput 小人国 Brobdingnag 大人国 Flying Island 飞岛 Houyhnhnm 马岛<A Modest Proposal>一个小小的建议n <The Battle of Books>书战 <A Tale of a Tub>木桶的故事n <The Drappers Letters>一个麻布商的书信4. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福16601731（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。）nHe is the first writer study of the lower-
25、class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel. <Robinsonn Crusoe>鲁宾逊漂流记It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan.Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewdand hardened man,tempered by nume
26、rous trials in his eventful life.It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea,gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. <Moll Flanders> <Colonel Jacque> <Captain singleton
27、> 5. Henry Fielding亨利菲尔丁17071754（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父” 。）He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. novels:<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling>弃婴汤姆琼斯<The History of t
28、he Adventures of Joseph Andrews>约瑟夫安德鲁<The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great>大诗人江奈生威尔德 <Amelia>爱米利亚n plays:<The Historical Register for 1736>一七三六年历史记事<Don Quixote in England>堂吉柯德在英国n 6. Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗格尔德斯密斯17301774 poems:5 <The Traveller>旅游人<The Deserted Vi
29、llage>荒村 novel:<The Vicar of Wakefield>威克菲尔德牧师传n 7. Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德布林斯利施莱登17511816 <The Rivals>情敌n <The Schooln for Scandal>造谣学校 8. William Blake威廉布莱克17571827 <Songs of Innocence>天真之歌A happy and innocent world from childrens eye. <Songs of Experience>经验之
30、歌A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with amelancholy tone from men eyes.Include: <The Chimney Sweeper><London><The Tyger>Lamb is a symbol of peace and purityTyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence <The Marriage of Heaven and Hell>天堂与地狱的婚姻n 9. Robert Burns罗
31、伯特彭斯17591796The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗 <John Anderson, My Jo>约翰安德生，我的爱人 <A Red, Red Rose>一朵红红的玫瑰n <Auld Longn Syne>往昔时光 <A Mans a Man for AThat>不管那一套n <My Hearts in then Highlands>我的心在那高原上 <Bru
32、ce At Bannockburn> <The Tree Of Liberty> V The Romantic PeriodThe romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scotts death. Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individualsmind.(人应该是独立自由的
33、个体)In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a changefrom the outer world of social civilization to the inner worldof the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules,imagination, nature, commonplace.Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) 6 and Walter Sco
34、tt (romantic).“The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district.William Wordsworth; Saamuel Tylor Coleridge; Robert Southey1. William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯17701850（与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。 The Lake Poets） <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) <I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud>Theme:1
35、.Nature embodies human beings in their diversecircumstance. It is nature that give him “strengthand knowledge fullof peace”2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poetmind while he is in solitude.Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling thebeautiful sights. In the poem on the beaut
36、y ofnature, the reader is presented a vivid picture oflively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poetsphilosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女 <The Prelude>序曲 2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔泰勒科尔律治17721834The Lake Poets <The R
37、ime of the Ancient Mariner>古舟子颂 <Christabel>柯里斯塔贝尔 <Kubla Khan>忽必烈汗Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strongimagination, a strange territory <Frost at Night>半夜冰霜 <Dejection, an Ode>忧郁颂 <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth) 3. George Gordon Byron乔治戈
38、登拜伦17881824（拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。）n“Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. <Don Juan>唐璜<Childe Harolds Pilgrimage>恰尔德哈罗德尔游记<Cain>该隐 <When We Two Par
39、ted>当初我们俩分别<She Walks In Beauty>7 4. Persy Bysshe Shelley波西比希雪莱17921822 Poetic Drama：<Prometheus Unbound>解放了的普罗米修斯Theme: the drama celebraies mans victory over tyranny andoppression <Queen Mab>麦布女王<Revolt of Islam>伊斯兰的反叛<The Cenci>钦契一家<A Defence of Poetry>诗辩<
40、;The Necessity of Atheism>无神论的必要性 Lyrics:<Ode to the West Wind>西风颂Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy theboundless freedom from the reality. Compare the westwind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signsof life from the trees, and preserver of the new whoscatter the sea
41、ds shich sill come to life in the spring.This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing lifeback into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (whichwould end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again whensomething dies.Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelleys "Ode to the West Wind"
42、is writtenin iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas,each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is ababcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that thispoem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control andrevive life.Artistic features:Using rerza rima
43、(三行诗aba bcb cdc ded efe )<To a Skylark>致云雀 5. Johnn Keats约翰济慈17951821(“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。) Four great odes: <Ode on a Grecian Urn>希腊古瓮颂<Ode to a Nightingale>夜莺颂<Ode to Psyche>心灵颂<Ode On Melancholy> 忧郁颂 <To Autumn>秋颂nTheme: The theme of John Keats poem, "To Au
44、tumn", is thatchange is both natural and beautiful. The poempraises the glories of the fall season by using almostevery type of imagery to both charm and appeal tothe reader.Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that timepasses by, but also asserts that this change usually8 yields somet
45、hing new and better than what camebefore. Each of the poems three stanzas representsthe evolving of two different types of change. Onetype of change shown in the poem is the change ofperiods in a day. 6. Jane Austen简奥斯丁17751817nShe compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivor
46、y only inches squire. <Sense and Sensibility>理智与感情<Pride and Prejudic> 傲慢与偏见(chapter I)【Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy】in the end false pride is humbledand prejudice dissolved【Collins & Charlotte Lucas】see the reality of marriage as anecessary step if a woman is toavoid the wretchedness of agingspinsterhood【Lydia & Wickham】shown the dangers of fecklessrelationships unsupported bymoney.【Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh】comic characters<Mansfield Park>
