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1、1. scenario testing 场景测试 show users a series of cards depicting possible future scenarios and invite them to share their reactions.This helps to identify a representative group of people for testing design concepts and evaluating the general usability of product details.Selecting individuals with ha
2、nd sizes representativeof the population to test prototypes helped IDEOdesign a computer mouse suitable for general use.显示给用户一系列描绘未来可能出现的情景的卡片，并邀请他们分享他们的反应。这有助于识别具有代表性的小组的人棘手的设计理念和一般使用后对产品的评价。选择个人手型的代表的人来测试原型帮助IDEO设计一种计算机鼠标适用于一般使用。useful for compiling a feature set within a possible context of use a
3、s well as communicating the value of a concept to clients在可能的情况下使用的有用的编译设置，能向客户传达一个概念的价值功能2.anthropometric analysis 人体测量学分析use human population measurement data to check the coverage and suitability of the design solution for the target user group使用人口的测量数据来检查的目标用户群的覆盖面和设计解决方案的适用性this helps to identi
4、fy a representative group of people for testing design concepts and evaluating the general usability of product details这有助于确定测试的设计理念和产品细节评估的一般可用性3.personal inventory 个人清单document the things that people identify as important to them as a way of cataloging evidence of their lifestyles记录人们认为对自己来说最重要的东西
5、作为一种了解他们的生活方式的证据。this method is useful for revealing peoples activities,perceptions,and value as well as patterns among them这个方法是非常有用的揭示人的活动感知、价值观念.以及模式在他们中间。4.cultural probes 文化探头assemble a camera journal kit and distribute it to participants within one or across many cultures组合相机包 (相机、电影、笔记本.说明),并
6、将其提供给参加者在一个或在许多文化中。to collect and evaluate perceptions and behaviors within or across cultures收集和评估感知企业在各种文化的文化的行为。5.role playing 角色扮演identify the stakeholders involved in the design problem and assign those roles to members of the team辨别参与设计问题的股东并分配这些角色在团队中。by enacting the activities within a real
7、or imagined context,the team can trigger empathy for actual users and raise other relevant issues通过在一个实际或想象的背景下制定活动,团队可以理解他的引起实际用户和提高其他相关事宜。6.rapid ethnography 快速人种志spend as much time as you can with people relevant to the design topic.establish their trust in order to visit an participate in their
8、natural habitat and witness specific activities和与设计主题相关的人一起花费尽可能多的时间，建立起他们的信任以便访问或参与他们的自然栖息地和见证特定活动。this is a good way to achieve a deep firsthand understanding of habits,rituals,natural language,and meanings around relevant activities and artifacts这是一个很好的方式来达到直接的了解习惯仪式,自然语言,和相关活动和物品的意义。7.extreme us
9、er interviews 极端用户访谈identify individuals who are extremely familiar or completely unfamiliar with the product and ask them to evaluate their experience using it确定个人谁是极为熟悉或完全不熟悉的产品，并要求他们用它来评估他们的经验these individuals are often able to highlight key issues of the design problem and provide insights for d
10、esign improvements这些人往往能够突出关键问题和设计问题，为改进设计的见解8.a day in the life 生活中的一天catalog the activities and contexts that experience throughout an entire day编目整个一整天的活动和背景，经验this is a useful way to reveal unanticipated issues inherent in the routines and circumstances people experience daily这是一种有用的方式展示意料之外的固有的
11、问题情况下人们经验。9.behavioral mapping 行为映射track the positions and movements of people within a space over time随着时间的推移的空间内跟踪人的位置和运动recording the pathways and traffic patterns of occupants of a space helps to define zones of different spatial behaviors录制的途径和空间占用的交通模式，有助于确定不同空间行为区10.experience prototype 经验原型q
12、uickly prototype a concept using avilable materials and use it in order to learn from a simulation of the experience using the product快速原型使用即时拍摄材料的概念，并使用它，从一个模拟以了解使用产品的经验this is useful for revealing unanticipated issues or needs,as well as evaluating ideas这对于不可预料的问题或需要是有益的及其评估的想法。11.quick and dirty
13、prototyping 快速和肮脏的原型using any materials available quickly assemble possible forms or interactions for evaluation使用任何可得到的材料尽快获得可能形式以及相互作用来进行评估。this is a good way to communicate a concept to the team and evaluate how to refine the design这是一个沟通理念的团队的好方法以及评估如何提炼的设计。12.empathy tools 换位思考use tools like cl
14、ouded glasses and weighted gloves to experience processes as though you yourself have abilities of different users使用工具,如笼罩着的眼镜和加权手套来体验，虽然过程你自己有能力不同的用户。this is an easy way to prompt an empathic understanding for users with disabilities or special conditions这是一个容易的方法去提示一个移情理解用户残疾人士或特殊的条件。13.scale mode
15、ling 尺度建模use scaled,generic architectural model components to design spaces with the client,team,and users使用通用攀登建筑模型制作组件与客户设计空间团队或用户。this spatial prototyping tool provides a way to raise issues and respond to the underlying needs of different stakeholders这个空间的原型工具提供了一种方式提出问题和应对不同利益相关者的潜在需求14.draw th
16、e experience 得出的经验ask participants to visualize an experience through drawings and diagrams要求学员通过图纸和图表可视化的经验this can be a good way to debunk assumptions and reveal how people conceive of and order their experiences or activities这可能是一个很好的做法揭穿假设和展示如何人们设想和命令他们的经历或者活动。15.unfocus group 不聚成焦点的小组assemble a
17、 diverse group of individuals in a workshop to use a stimulating range of materials and create things that are relevant to your project招聚多样的组车间的个人使用刺激多种材料相关的创造出一些的项目。encourages rich,creative,and divergent contributions from potential users,releases inhibitions,and opens up new thinking鼓励潜在用户释放压抑，开辟了
18、新的思路，丰富并创造性和发散的贡献16.behavioral archaeology 行为考古学look for the evidence of peoples activities inherent in the placement,wear patterns,and organization of places and things寻找固有的活动安置组织地点和事物模式的证据。this reveals how artifacts and environments figure in peoples lives,highlighting aspects of their lifestyle h
19、abits,priorities and values这揭示了文物和环境的身影在人们的生活，强调他们的生活习惯，优先事项和价值观等方面17.time lapse video 时间推移视频set up a time-lapse camera to record movements in a space over an extended period of time形成时间推移相机记录长时间在空间的运动useful for providing an objective,longitudinal view of activity within a context有用的上下文内提供一个客观的，活动的纵
20、向视图18.five whys 五个为什么ask why questions in response to five consecutive answers问为什么在连续五年的问题答案this exercise forces people to examine and express the underlying reasons for their behavior and attitudes这次演习迫使人们审视和表达他们的行为和态度的根本原因19.scenarios 场景illustrate a character-rich storyline describing the context
21、of use for a product or service说明了一个性格丰富的故事情节，描述的产品或服务的使用方面this process helps to communicate and test the essence of a design idea within its probable context of use.it is especially useful for the evaluation of service concepts这个过程中，有助于沟通和测试的设计理念的精髓，在可能的情况下使用。它是特别有用的服务理念的评价20.fly on the wall 在墙壁上飞o
22、bserve and record behavior within its context,without interfering with peoples activities观察并记录在其范围内的行为，不干扰人们的活动it is useful to see what people actually do within real contexts and time frames,rather than accept what they say they did after the fact它是有用的，看看有什么人实际上做真实背景和时限内，而不是接受，他们说，他们没有事实后21.error a
23、nalysis 误差分析list all the things that can go wrong when using a product and determine the various possible causes列出所有的事情可能出错在使用产品时，并确定各种可能的原因撤消修改this is a good way to understand how design features mitigate or contribute to inevitable human errors and other failures这是一个很好的方式来了解如何设计功能，减轻或有助于不可避免的人为错误等
24、故障22.predict next years headlines 预测来年头条新闻invite clients to project their company into the future,identifying how they want to develop and sustain customer relationships邀请客户确定他们想如何发展和维持客户关系投射到未来自己的公司based on customer-focused reaerch,these predictions can help clients to define which design issues to
25、 pursue in product development基于客户为中心的改革探索，这些预测，可以帮助客户确定哪些设计问题，以追求产品开发23.character profiles 人物资料based on observations of real people,develop character profiles to represent archetypes and the details of their behavior or lifestyle真正的人的意见为基础，发展字符型材代表原型和他们的行为或生活方式的细节this is a useful way to bring a typ
26、ical customer to life and to communicate the value of different concepts to various target groups这是一个有用的方式，带来了生活的典型客户和沟通不同的概念，不同目标群体的价值24.flow analysis 流量分析represent the flow of information or activity through all phases of a system or process代表通过系统或过程的各个阶段的信息或活动this is useful for identifying bottle
27、necks and opportunities for functional alternatives这是非常有用的，识别瓶颈和功能的替代品的机会25.cognitive task analysis 认知任务分析list and summarize all of a users sensory inputs,decision points,and actions列出和总结所有用户的感觉输入，决策点和行动this is good for understanding users perceptual,attentional,and informational needs and to identi
28、fy bottlenecks where errors may occur这是为了解用户的知觉，注意力，信息的需求，并找出瓶颈可能会发生错误的地方26.bodystorming 身体风暴set up a scenario and act out roles,with or without props,focusing on the intuitive responses prompted by the physical enactment成立一个方案和行动的角色，有或没有道具，物理制定重点提示的直觉反应this method helps to quickly generate and test
29、 many context-and-behavior-based concepts这种方法有助于快速生成和测试许多情况下，基于行为的概念27.guided tours 导游accompany participants on a guided tour of the project-relevant spaces and activities they experience上一个项目相关的场所和活动，他们的经验导游陪同参加making an exploration of objects and actions in situ helps people recall their intention
30、s and values勘探对象和原位行动，帮助人们记得他们的意图和价值观28.secondary research 二次研究review published articles papers,and other pertinent documents to develop an informed point of view on the design issues审查发表文章，论文，和其他有关文件，以开发设计问题的知情点this is a useful way to ground observations and to develop a point of view on the state
31、of the art这是一个有用的方式，对地观测和发展上最先进的一种观点29.long-range forecasts 长期预报write up prose scenarios that describe how social and technological trends might influence peoples behavior and the use of a product ,service,or environment写散文的情景，描述社会和科技的发展趋势会如何影响人们的行为和使用产品，服务，环境predicting changes in behavior industry,
32、or technology can help clients to understand the implications of design decisions预测行业行为，或技术的变化，可以帮助客户了解设计决策的影响30.informance 提供的消息act out an informative performance scenario by role-playing insights or behaviors that you have witnessed or researched担任角色扮演的见解或行为，你目睹或研究的一个内容丰富的表现场景this is a good way to
33、 communicate an insight and build a shared understanding of a concept and its implications这是一个很好的方式，交流见解，并建立了一个概念的共同理解及其影响31.behavior sampling 行为抽样give people a pager or phone and ask them to record and evaluate the situation they are in when it ring给人们一个寻呼机或手机，并要求他们记录和评估的情况，他们是在它响的时候this is a usefu
34、l way to discover how products and services get integrated into peoples routines in unanticipated ways这是一个有用的方式来发现怎样的产品和服务集成在意想不到的方式进入人们的例程32.surveys and questionnaires 调查和问卷ask a series of targeted questions in order to ascertain particular characteristics and perceptions of users提出了一系列有针对性的问题，以确定用
35、户的具体特点和看法this is a quick way to elicit answers from a large number of people这是一个快速的方法来引起了一大批人的答案33.shadowing 阴影tag along with people to observe and understand their day-to-day routines,interactions and contexts与人相处的标记来观察和了解他们的日常的日常例程，互动和背景this is a valuable way to reveal design opportunities and sho
36、w how a product might affect or complement users behavior这是一个有价值的方法，揭示设计的机会，并显示如何可能影响产品或配合用户的行为petitive product survey 竞争力的产品调查collect,compare,and conduct evaluations of the products competition收集，比较，并进行了产品的竞争评估this is a useful way to establish functional requirements,performance standards,and other
37、 benchmarks这是一个有用的方式，建立功能要求，性能标准和其他基准35.try it yourself 尝试一下自己use the product or prototype you are designing你正在设计使用的产品或原型trying the product being designed prompts the team to appreciate the experience the actual users might have正在设计的产品，试图提示团队体会到实际的用户可能有的经验36.narration 旁白as they perform a process or
38、execute a specific task,ask participants to describe aloud what they are thinking因为他们执行过程中或执行特定任务，要求学员大声来形容他们在想什么this is a useful way to reach users motivations,concerns,perceptions,and reasoning这是一个有用的方式，以达到用户的动机，关注，认知，推理37.word-concept association 概念关联ask people to associate descriptive words with
39、 different design concepts or features in order to show how they perceive and value the issues要求人们联想到不同的设计概念或功能的描述性词语，以表明他们是如何看待和重视的问题clustering users perceptions helps to evaluate and prioritize design features and concepts集群用户的看法，有助于评估和优先考虑的设计特点和概念38.paper prototyping 纸上原型rapidly sketch,layout,and
40、 evaluate interaction design concept for basic usability迅速草图，布局，评估交互设计的概念，基本的可用性this is good way to quickly organize,articulate,and visualize interaction design concepts这是很好的方式，迅速组织，能说会道，和可视化交互的设计理念39.still-photo survey 静止照片调查follow a planned shooting script and capture pictures of specific objects,
41、activities,etc按照计划拍摄脚本和捕获特定对象的照片，活动等the team can use this visual evidence to uncover patterns of behavior and perceptions related to a particular product or context,as well as structure and inspire design ideas团队可以使用这种视觉证据揭露行为和某一特定产品或上下文相关的看法，以及结构模式和激励的设计思路40.camera journal 相机日记ask potential users t
42、o keep a written and visual diary of their impressions,circumstances,and activities related to the product问潜在用户，以保持对他们的印象，情况和活动与产品有关的书面和视觉日记this rich,self-conducted notation technique is useful for prompting users to reveal points of view and patterns of behavior丰富，进行自我符号技术是有用的提示用户透露的观点和行为模式的点41.col
43、lage 拼贴ask participants to build a collage from a provided collection of images,and to explain the significance of the images and arrangements they choose 要求学员建立拼贴，从提供的图像集合，并解释他们选择的图像和安排的重要意义this illustrates participants understanding and perceptions of issues and helps them verbalize complex or uni
44、magined themes这说明了参与者的理解和对问题的看法，并帮助他们用语言表达复杂或令人难以想象的主题42.affinity diagrams 亲和图cluster design elements according to intuitive relationships such as similarity,dependence,proximity,etc根据集群的设计元素，如直观的相似性，依赖性，接近等关系this method is a useful way to identify connections between issues and reveal innovation op
45、portunities这种方法是一种有用的方法，找出问题之间的联系，揭示创新的机会43.card sort 卡排序on separate cards,name possible features,functions,or design attributes.ask people to organize the cards spatially,in ways that make sense to them在不同的卡，可能的特性，功能或设计属性的命名。使他们的意识要求人民组织卡空间的方式this helps to expose peoples mental models of a device o
46、r system.their organization reveals expect ations and priorities about the intended functions这有助于暴露人的心理模型的设备或系统。他们的组织，揭示了期望论和预定功能的优先次序44.historical analysis 历史分析compare features of an industry,organization,group,market segment,or practice through various stages of development比较行业的特点，组织组，细分市场，或实践中，通过
47、不同的发展阶段this method helps to identify trends and cycles of product use and customer behavior and to project those patterns into the future这种方法有助于确定趋势和循环使用的产品和顾客的行为，并投射到未来的模式45.conceptual landscape 概念性景观diagram,sketch,or map the aspects of abstract social and behavioral constructs or phenomena图，草图，或地图等方面的社会和行为的抽象结构或现象this is a helpful way to understand peoples mental models of the issues related to the design problem这是一个有益的方式来理解人的心理模型设计问题有关的问题46.activity analysis 活动分析list or represent in detail all tasks,actions,objects,performers,and interactions in
