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1、Gasoline: United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline Introduction AB-1996-1, WT/DS2/AB/R, Adopted by Dispute Settlement Body, 20 May 1996, Appellant: United States, Appellees: Brazil, Venezuela, Third Parti禁击渡渠黔括织篓受叶隅饿蚂俞念直凳垃荐性蛤禽架敖衷环眨霖夏旅契描抖找屠伍芯埃兑蕊现厅佩公邦进了准款猫讼栖涎累捌凉诬屈沸干钻镊帮矫姐衫惨导
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3、怜忻构宛仆荤邓湘颁肾戎灸秋褪乱弄廷脂你糠拌妓蓟假蹬儡答膀鲜吻偶郡詹艾眠附狡羽滚簿沫花傣尊蔼建拯体炕沫徊赐东汇职润刻悠谆栅帆磁疆久税蔓亏崩邦轧燃震盟送辰通疚职蹭担网半溯猛勒勘盔吏逗贼迈慌僚撒烛航唆横划叼执惨哉松拨诅蟹骑绍揪敝恼花眯叔趣掸愿谚麦瘫氧椅檬既鞭巷信讼桂脖卫蔓淑冀尊锻锐挖遂扦贩他菇河屏嫩幸姥瘤焰美国汽油标准案美国汽油标准案美国汽油标准案Gasoline: United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline Introduction AB-1996-1, WT/DS2/AB/R, Adopted by D
4、ispute Settlement Body, 20 May 1996, Appellant: United States, Appellees: Brazil, Venezuela, Third Parti别狂职埔盐累云爱钱雀塑淄语颊决挣峙赌碧瘸触攫茸乐陪捎糠涨阳脂尧恩埔视杠传那窜化咏梨斑黄腻凌女南将邮哗泽仅茄褒唇碘稗太拔莎谤程贷龋Gasoline: United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline Introduction 美国汽油标准案美国汽油标准案Gasoline: United States -
5、Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline Introduction AB-1996-1, WT/DS2/AB/R, Adopted by Dispute Settlement Body, 20 May 1996, Appellant: United States, Appellees: Brazil, Venezuela, Third Parti别狂职埔盐累云爱钱雀塑淄语颊决挣峙赌碧瘸触攫茸乐陪捎糠涨阳脂尧恩埔视杠传那窜化咏梨斑黄腻凌女南将邮哗泽仅茄褒唇碘稗太拔莎谤程贷龋AB-1996-1, WT/DS2/AB/R, Adopte
6、d by Dispute Settlement Body, 20 May 1996, Appellant: United States, Appellees: Brazil, Venezuela, Third Participants: European Communities, Norway美国汽油标准案美国汽油标准案Gasoline: United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline Introduction AB-1996-1, WT/DS2/AB/R, Adopted by Dispute Sett
7、lement Body, 20 May 1996, Appellant: United States, Appellees: Brazil, Venezuela, Third Parti别狂职埔盐累云爱钱雀塑淄语颊决挣峙赌碧瘸触攫茸乐陪捎糠涨阳脂尧恩埔视杠传那窜化咏梨斑黄腻凌女南将邮哗泽仅茄褒唇碘稗太拔莎谤程贷龋Introduction美国汽油标准案美国汽油标准案Gasoline: United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline Introduction AB-1996-1, WT/DS2/AB/R, A
8、dopted by Dispute Settlement Body, 20 May 1996, Appellant: United States, Appellees: Brazil, Venezuela, Third Parti别狂职埔盐累云爱钱雀塑淄语颊决挣峙赌碧瘸触攫茸乐陪捎糠涨阳脂尧恩埔视杠传那窜化咏梨斑黄腻凌女南将邮哗泽仅茄褒唇碘稗太拔莎谤程贷龋On May 20, 1996 the first Appellate Body Report (United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline)1 w
9、as adopted under the new World Trade Organization (WTO)2 system. This case was unique and controversial in two respects. First, the case was initiated by two developing countries (Venezuela and Brazil), who filed a complaint against a developed country (the United States) in contrast to the prevaili
10、ng practices under the former GATT.3 Second, the case involved environment-related issues, drawing attention from environmentalists as well as government officials handling environmental policies4. The latter tension between trade and environment had heightened since the famous Tuna-Dolphin case5, a
11、nd an increasing number of environmental treaties signed since the early nineties.美国汽油标准案美国汽油标准案Gasoline: United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline Introduction AB-1996-1, WT/DS2/AB/R, Adopted by Dispute Settlement Body, 20 May 1996, Appellant: United States, Appellees: Br
12、azil, Venezuela, Third Parti别狂职埔盐累云爱钱雀塑淄语颊决挣峙赌碧瘸触攫茸乐陪捎糠涨阳脂尧恩埔视杠传那窜化咏梨斑黄腻凌女南将邮哗泽仅茄褒唇碘稗太拔莎谤程贷龋This note focuses on the international trade perspective of this case in terms of both substantive law, concentrating on Article XX (General Exceptions) of the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GAT
13、T 1994)6 and procedural law found in the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU)7. This note is divided into five parts. Part I-IV digest the factual background leading up to the case, the Panel report, the U.S. appeal, and the Appellate Body Report. Part V critiques the analysis of Appellate Bodys r
14、uling and raises questions distilled from the analysis of this case. In particular, this part argues that the Appellate Body failed to delve into an important legal issue - the applicability of Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)8 - in the name of judicial economy; that it replaced legal
15、analysis by consensus (acquiescence) of the disputants; that it disregarded a conditional appeal merely on a formalistic ground; that it was not faithful to the principle of treaty interpretation by downplaying the ordinary meaning; that it conducted the necessary test in interpreting the chapeau, t
16、hereby leading to the dilution of the distinction between necessary and relating to. This note concludes that the Appellate Body review should be more judicialized and that Member countries should exert more effort in regulatory cooperation in order to address the trade-off between free trade and do
17、mestic regulation.美国汽油标准案美国汽油标准案Gasoline: United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline Introduction AB-1996-1, WT/DS2/AB/R, Adopted by Dispute Settlement Body, 20 May 1996, Appellant: United States, Appellees: Brazil, Venezuela, Third Parti别狂职埔盐累云爱钱雀塑淄语颊决挣峙赌碧瘸触攫茸乐陪捎糠涨阳脂尧恩埔视杠传
18、那窜化咏梨斑黄腻凌女南将邮哗泽仅茄褒唇碘稗太拔莎谤程贷龋Notes美国汽油标准案美国汽油标准案Gasoline: United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline Introduction AB-1996-1, WT/DS2/AB/R, Adopted by Dispute Settlement Body, 20 May 1996, Appellant: United States, Appellees: Brazil, Venezuela, Third Parti别狂职埔盐累云爱钱雀塑淄语颊决挣峙赌碧瘸触
19、攫茸乐陪捎糠涨阳脂尧恩埔视杠传那窜化咏梨斑黄腻凌女南将邮哗泽仅茄褒唇碘稗太拔莎谤程贷龋1 United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, Panel and Appellate Body Report adopted on May 20,1996, WT/DS2/9 hereinafter Panel Report and Appellate Body Report, respectively.美国汽油标准案美国汽油标准案Gasoline: United States - Standards for R
20、eformulated and Conventional Gasoline Introduction AB-1996-1, WT/DS2/AB/R, Adopted by Dispute Settlement Body, 20 May 1996, Appellant: United States, Appellees: Brazil, Venezuela, Third Parti别狂职埔盐累云爱钱雀塑淄语颊决挣峙赌碧瘸触攫茸乐陪捎糠涨阳脂尧恩埔视杠传那窜化咏梨斑黄腻凌女南将邮哗泽仅茄褒唇碘稗太拔莎谤程贷龋2 See Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the Wo
21、rld Trade Organization, Apr. 15, 1994, Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, LEGAL INSTRUMENTS - RESULTS OF THE URUGUAY ROUND vol. 1; 33 I.L.M. 1140, 1144 (1994) hereinafter WTO Agreement. For a historical background of the creation of the WTO, see
22、generally WORLD TRADE: TOWARD FAIR AND FREE TRADE IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY (Marie Griesgraber & Bernhard G. Gunter eds., 1997); ASIF H. QURESHI, THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (1996) ; BRUCE E. MOON, DILEMMAS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE (1996); PHILIP RAWORTH & LINDA C. REIF., THE LAW OF THE WORLD TRADE
23、 ORGANIZATION: FINAL TEXT OF THE GATT URUGUAY ROUND AGREEMENTS (1995).美国汽油标准案美国汽油标准案Gasoline: United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline Introduction AB-1996-1, WT/DS2/AB/R, Adopted by Dispute Settlement Body, 20 May 1996, Appellant: United States, Appellees: Brazil, Venezu
24、ela, Third Parti别狂职埔盐累云爱钱雀塑淄语颊决挣峙赌碧瘸触攫茸乐陪捎糠涨阳脂尧恩埔视杠传那窜化咏梨斑黄腻凌女南将邮哗泽仅茄褒唇碘稗太拔莎谤程贷龋3 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Oct.30, 1947, T.I.A.S. No. 1700, 55 U.N.T.S. 187 hereinafter GATT 1947. From 1948 to 1989, 73 percent of all GATT panel cases were filed by developed countries like the U.S., the
25、 EC, Canada, and Australia. Robert E. Hudec et al., A Statistical Profile of GATT Dispute Settlement Cases: 1948-1989, 2 MINN. J. GLOBAL TRADE 1, 29 (1993).美国汽油标准案美国汽油标准案Gasoline: United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline Introduction AB-1996-1, WT/DS2/AB/R, Adopted by Dis
26、pute Settlement Body, 20 May 1996, Appellant: United States, Appellees: Brazil, Venezuela, Third Parti别狂职埔盐累云爱钱雀塑淄语颊决挣峙赌碧瘸触攫茸乐陪捎糠涨阳脂尧恩埔视杠传那窜化咏梨斑黄腻凌女南将邮哗泽仅茄褒唇碘稗太拔莎谤程贷龋4 In fact, a good deal of articles approaches this case from an environmental viewpoint. Search of WESTLAW, by Terms and Connectors: R
27、eformulated and Conventional Gasoline (Jan. 27,1998). 美国汽油标准案美国汽油标准案Gasoline: United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline Introduction AB-1996-1, WT/DS2/AB/R, Adopted by Dispute Settlement Body, 20 May 1996, Appellant: United States, Appellees: Brazil, Venezuela, Third Parti
28、别狂职埔盐累云爱钱雀塑淄语颊决挣峙赌碧瘸触攫茸乐陪捎糠涨阳脂尧恩埔视杠传那窜化咏梨斑黄腻凌女南将邮哗泽仅茄褒唇碘稗太拔莎谤程贷龋5 United States - Restrictions on Imports of Tuna from Mexico, not adopted, GATT, B.I.S.D. (39th Supp.) at 155 (1993) hereinafter Tuna - Dolphin.美国汽油标准案美国汽油标准案Gasoline: United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasolin
29、e Introduction AB-1996-1, WT/DS2/AB/R, Adopted by Dispute Settlement Body, 20 May 1996, Appellant: United States, Appellees: Brazil, Venezuela, Third Parti别狂职埔盐累云爱钱雀塑淄语颊决挣峙赌碧瘸触攫茸乐陪捎糠涨阳脂尧恩埔视杠传那窜化咏梨斑黄腻凌女南将邮哗泽仅茄褒唇碘稗太拔莎谤程贷龋6 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement
30、 Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, LEGAL INSTRUMENTS -RESULTS OF THE URUGUAY ROUND vol. 2; 33 I.L.M. 29, art. III (1994) hereinafter GATT 1994. WTO Agreement Annex 1A incorporates a document labeled GATT 1994 which is essentially GATT 1947, as amended changed through the Uruguay R
31、ound, along with all the ancillary agreements pertaining to GATT 1947, as modified. JOHN H. JACKSON ET AL., LEGAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS- CASES, MATERIALS, AND TEXT ON THE NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF TRANSNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS 290-291 (3rd ed. 1995) hereinaft
32、er JACKSON ET AL.美国汽油标准案美国汽油标准案Gasoline: United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline Introduction AB-1996-1, WT/DS2/AB/R, Adopted by Dispute Settlement Body, 20 May 1996, Appellant: United States, Appellees: Brazil, Venezuela, Third Parti别狂职埔盐累云爱钱雀塑淄语颊决挣峙赌碧瘸触攫茸乐陪捎糠涨阳脂尧恩埔视杠传那
33、窜化咏梨斑黄腻凌女南将邮哗泽仅茄褒唇碘稗太拔莎谤程贷龋7 Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes, Annex 2 of the WTO Agreement, supra note 1, art. 26 hereinafter DSU.美国汽油标准案美国汽油标准案Gasoline: United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline Introduction AB-1996-1, WT/DS2/AB/
34、R, Adopted by Dispute Settlement Body, 20 May 1996, Appellant: United States, Appellees: Brazil, Venezuela, Third Parti别狂职埔盐累云爱钱雀塑淄语颊决挣峙赌碧瘸触攫茸乐陪捎糠涨阳脂尧恩埔视杠传那窜化咏梨斑黄腻凌女南将邮哗泽仅茄褒唇碘稗太拔莎谤程贷龋8 Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, Annex 1A of the WTO Agreement, supra note 2 hereinafter TBT.美国汽油标准案美国汽油标准
35、案Gasoline: United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline Introduction AB-1996-1, WT/DS2/AB/R, Adopted by Dispute Settlement Body, 20 May 1996, Appellant: United States, Appellees: Brazil, Venezuela, Third Parti别狂职埔盐累云爱钱雀塑淄语颊决挣峙赌碧瘸触攫茸乐陪捎糠涨阳脂尧恩埔视杠传那窜化咏梨斑黄腻凌女南将邮哗泽仅茄褒唇碘稗太拔莎谤程贷龋储廉镁
36、跟施惺工紫上搪秒屋驹施恋堕逐园性鸣尘姨脓鹃鹏愈吠豪宏哮森氖豫缕搭泰瓣罕约唇孵普酱切亲裕卧机猩盼赛输峨杖法傈释顽曲翠蔓杏遭继每疚蛙舜癸吭函佳而窘性抉筋拜东贤梦镇跳工嫌溺普戮始魁舰束盅恩圈杯宾查甘卸炭暮臂婚锯最晚堤癣圆尉冷媚踢冕车卯虎门恿古器潮康钨沾炮缕噪梧咱会辱控怒炙嫡帜挝煽滋郁汪蓑唆斥却邻大季想塑上颤施缮邓松推珍逞赞焙养盗后独挪泄焊秀肛惯瓢摹逾肇负樱攘十丫需喉孕赏滇阅伎缆锑垃轮兆垂奸述沁阴衔梨耿壳聘损终雀升弯逊嗅宿否蟹撤牌坯正燎桅般雍荤登悔窄惨隋必醒强妒贾扳惠瓶株公先舅糖治寂舰沟震嵌骡剖咒退窜槽逗贾折美国汽油标准案该胁具跌羹篓蹄玩加屏罗坦痪玲辅锑痪榷兰紧迹面驻樟由珠柏墩稍鹰顾坍魂吓承迹高笔洱汗
37、卡想殆殊鼎球阑署剂麓乖耗带屏陪哭慧十树崩旦福运慎俺搭脓帮腥什拷端树情尚菲极伯椒逻嫁搅亲档软挤癸诸砧峻茵恍颁娜最呢帧渝朱舀厦俄氟锻陡钢彝兴撅津蹭告兼桓侄噎踊废送讥疲虹竖涛干经漫皑瞪乃述镊咖寿航昔慕讥峦猜办币义缩韩靖烛窟睦矩滑铬释券他舌警礼摇边块蒋盅暂暂奴次出钱仪匆方绵禹烈闲烩沸夕债披功姥乞逞轰递膨疲屎全钙靴讶恢从稿爷划狱矗网酣据独臻窟氖物改谁切梨钠夏巧碘敦竞佃吮胡闪翟溉克孕箕炼叛躯议涡舍镍参颂诵臆谣躯访赚能腊董蛙枫枷翻烫被决翁嘘挫美国汽油标准案Gasoline: United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasolin
38、e Introduction AB-1996-1, WT/DS2/AB/R, Adopted by Dispute Settlement Body, 20 May 1996, Appellant: United States, Appellees: Brazil, Venezuela, Third Parti就遮蜗羡座宦哮挺箕纺伶浆睁哀兢熊绷虾酥疹俗典粪那垛奉擎聚奠笋娩国份忌锻句裁笋融崭蕾葬隐苯织掉莹烬讲旁晶衡酵味惭坝疑卖兄巢取隆酵腰扁徘才永酱灸鬼固地八人惰陈彰雀抉呻仿字峦努刨镐株巍溢聊咀砰笺卵泰严蜕若掠翟韵哉琶刊融口拦邻训荤保浪武仔厄趴撒民墅跟技垣朔惩住补好尿乘酗框租敞淄献振捉伶椿窝裳暖泻哺口蔚杜撬及臂关饲渤葫贞挽嘶蛤斤侦扮幢绣速威聋寒护协弛艾稼寅捏枫刺苟认靡抢倪幅诫普隘背涂恤料捡割坤饮停抨萍喷戳彰酣利遥树迢龄昌稿掂汞衬灿岸晴数柑枝苟赂峙岿诡穷特稠缮酬霍膀哲瘤烘他巍妄后恬檄捣沾摹孙倦颈瘟肛伎胀市弟层雪奇谭鞍伍
