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1、PID控制器可以看成是一个独立的控制器（也可以被称之为单回路控制器），应用在PLC控制，嵌入式控制器，或者Visual Basic和C#计算机编程软件。PID控制器是属于过程控制以下几个特征：1) 能够进行不间断的程序控制；2) 模拟输入（也可以理解为“测量”或者是“过程变量”）；3) 模拟输出（也可以单纯的看成为“输出量”）；4) 给定值5) 比例、微分，或者是积分常量。不间断的过程控制如：温度、压力、水流量和液位控制。例如控制油箱里面的油的温度。可以用两个限制温度的传感器（设置一个温度上限和温度下限）当油温处于温度下限时，加热器接通使油的温度升高。当油的温度达到上限时，加热器停止工作。这种
2、情况非常的类似于家用的空调的热量自动调节器。PID控制器可以把实际温度作为输入量并且控制阀门来规定流动的油的温度。PID控制器可以自动的发现准确（恒定）的油温的温度使温度保持在设定值，而不是在任意两个点上下波动。如果设定值比较低，PID控制器可以自动的减少流到发热器的气体的流量。如果设定值比较高，PID控制器能自动的增加流到发热器气体的流量。同样PID控制可以自动的补偿热量，不论是在晴天、冷天或者阴天。设定值可以看成是一个系统规定的实际值。在这个例子中PID控制器设置的温度就是设定值。PID控制器的只要工作是保持输出量在一个平衡点上，为了使过程变量和设定值保持相同。2Introduction
3、to PID Controller PID controllers can be stand-alone controllers (also called single loop controllers)， controllers in PLC，embedded controllers，or software in Visual Basic or C# computer programs.1)PID controllers are process with the following characteristics；2)Continuous process control3)Analog in
4、put (also kown as “measurement”or“Process Variable ”or“PV”)待添加的隐藏文字内容34)Analog output(referred to simply as “output”)5)Set point (SP)6)Proportional (P)，Integral (I)，and/or Derivative (D) constantsExamples of“continuous process control”are temperature，pressure，flow and level control.For example，contr
5、olling the heating of a tank.For simple control，you have two temperature limit sensor turns on and then turn the heater off when the temperature rises to the high temperature limit sensor.This is similar to most home air conditioning & heating thermostats.In contrast，the PID controller would receive
6、 input as the actual temperature and control a valve that regulates the flow of the gas to the heater.The PID controller automatically finds the correct (constant) flow of the gas to the heater that keeps the temperature steady at the set point.Instead of the temperature bouncing back and forth betw
7、een two points，the temperature is held steady.If the set point is lowered，then the PID controller automatically increases the amount of the gas flowing to the heater.Likewise the PID controller automatically increases the amount of the gas flowing to the heater.Likewise the PID controller would auto
8、matically compensate for hot，sunny days (when it is hotter outside heater) and for cold，cloudy days.The set point (SP) is simply what process valve do you want.In this example what temperature do you want the process at?The PID controllers job is main tain the output at a level so that there is no difference (error) process variable (PV) and the set point (SP).
