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1、R E P OR T T O T H E PR E SI DEN T ON,ENS U R I NG A M ER ICA N,L E A DER SH I P I N A DVA NCE D,M A N U FAC T U R I NG,Executive Office of the PresidentPresidents Council of Advisors,on Science and Technology,J U N E 2 011,R E P OR T T O T H E PR E SI DEN T ON,ENS U R I NG A M ER ICA N,L E A DER SH
2、 I P I N A DVA NCE D,M A N U FAC T U R I NG,Executive Office of the PresidentPresidents Council of Advisors,on Science and Technology,J U N E 2 011,About the Presidents Council of,Advisors on Science and Technology,The Presidents Council of Advisors on Science and Technology(PCAST)is an advisory gro
3、up of thenations leading scientists and engineers,appointed by the President to augment the science and technology advice available to him from inside the White House and from cabinet departments and otherFederal agencies.PCAST is consulted about and often makes policy recommendations concerning the
4、full range of issues where understandings from the domains of science,technology,and innovationmay bear on the policy choices before the President.PCAST is administered by the White House Officeof Science and Technology Policy(OSTP).,For more information about PCAST,see www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/pcast
5、.,The Presidents Council of Advisorson Science and TechnologyCo-Chairs,John P.HoldrenAssistant to the President forScience and TechnologyDirector,Office of Science andTechnology PolicyVice-ChairsWilliam PressRaymer Professor in Computer Science andIntegrative BiologyUniversity of Texas at AustinMemb
6、ersRosina BierbaumDean,School of Natural Resources andEnvironmentUniversity of MichiganChristine CasselPresident and CEOAmerican Board of Internal MedicineChristopher ChybaProfessor,Astrophysical Sciences andInternational AffairsDirector,Program on Science andGlobal SecurityPrinceton UniversityS.Jam
7、es Gates,Jr.John S.Toll Professor of PhysicsDirector,Center for String andParticle TheoryUniversity of Maryland,College Park,Eric LanderPresidentBroad Institute of Harvard and MITMaxine SavitzVice PresidentNational Academy of EngineeringShirley Ann JacksonPresidentRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteRic
8、hard C.LevinPresidentYale UniversityChad MirkinRathmann Professor,Chemistry,Materials Science and Engineering,Chemical and Biological Engineeringand MedicineDirector,International Institutefor NanotechnologyNorthwestern University,Mario MolinaProfessor,Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Califor
9、nia,San DiegoProfessor,Center for Atmospheric SciencesScripps Institution of OceanographyDirector,Mario Molina Center for Energyand Environment,Mexico CityErnest J.MonizCecil and Ida Green Professor of Physicsand Engineering SystemsDirector,MITs Energy InitiativeMassachusetts Institute of Technology
10、Craig MundieChief Research and Strategy OfficerMicrosoft CorporationEd PenhoetDirector,Alta PartnersProfessor Emeritus of Biochemistryand Public HealthUniversity of California,BerkeleyBarbara SchaalMaryDell Chilton Distinguished Professor ofBiology,Washington University,St.LouisVice President,Nation
11、al Academy of SciencesEric SchmidtExecutive ChairmanGoogle,Inc.Daniel SchragSturgis Hooper Professor of GeologyProfessor,Environmental Science andEngineeringDirector,Harvard University Centerfor the EnvironmentHarvard University,David E.ShawChief Scientist,D.E.Shaw ResearchSenior Research Fellow,Cen
12、ter forComputational Biology and BioinformaticsColumbia UniversityAhmed ZewailLinus Pauling Professor of Chemistryand PhysicsDirector,Physical Biology CenterCalifornia Institute of TechnologyStaffDeborah D.StineExecutive DirectorSridhar KotaAssistant Director,Advanced Manufacturingand American Socie
13、ty of Mechanical EngineersFellow,OSTPArun SeraphinAssistant Director,Defense Programs,OSTPT.J.AugustineStudent Volunteer,OSTPWriterBina VenkataramanSenior Science Policy AdviserBroad Institute of MIT&Harvard,EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT,PRESIDENTS COUNCIL OF ADVISORS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,W
14、ASHINGTON,D.C.20502,President Barack ObamaThe White House,Washington,D.C.20502,Dear Mr.President,It is our pleasure to present to you this report,Ensuring American Leadership in Advanced Manufacturing,prepared for you by the Presidents Council of Advisors on Science and Technology(PCAST)and thePresi
15、dents Innovation and Technology Advisory Committee(PITAC).This report provides a strategy andspecific recommendations for revitalizing the Nations leadership in advanced manufacturing.In preparing this report and its recommendations,PCAST/PITAC held a workshop with leading manufacturing executives a
16、nd innovation experts.We also consulted experts from your Administration,industrygroups,and academia during the course of our study.,Although the U.S.has been the leading producer of manufactured goods for more than 100 years,manufacturing has for decades been declining as a share of GDP and employm
17、ent.Over the pastdecade,it has become clear that this decline is not limited to lowtechnology products,but extends toadvanced technologies invented in the U.S.,and is not solely due to lowwage competition.Moreover,it is increasingly apparent that technology innovation is closely tied to manufacturin
18、g knowledge.Wecannot remain the worlds engine of innovation without manufacturing activity.,We do not believe that the solution is industrial policy,in which government invests in particularcompanies or sectors.However,we strongly believe that the Nation requires a coherent innovationpolicy to ensur
19、e U.S.leadership support new technologies and approaches,and provide the basis forhighquality jobs for Americans in the manufacturing sector.,To ensure that the U.S.attracts manufacturing activity and remains a leader in knowledge production,we recommend the following two strategies:(1)Create a fert
20、ile environment for innovation so that theUnited States provides the overall best environment for business.We believe this can be accomplishedthrough tax and business policy,robust support for basic research,and training and education of ahighskilled workforce;and(2)Invest to overcome market failure
21、s,to ensure that new technologiesand design methodologies are developed here,and that technologybased enterprises have the infrastructure to flourish here.,We recommend this be accomplished by launching an Advanced Manufacturing Initiative.This initiativewould support innovation in advanced manufact
22、uring through applied research programs for promising new technologies,publicprivate partnerships around broadlyapplicable and precompetitivetechnologies,the creation and dissemination of design methodologies for manufacturing,and sharedtechnology infrastructure to support advances in existing manuf
23、acturing industries.,Our report and its recommendations serve the aims outlined in your Strategy for American Innovation,and build upon the initiatives in your 2012 budget proposal.It is an honor to provide our perspectiveon an issue of such vital importance to the U.S.economy and national security.
24、,John P.HoldrenPCAST CoChairShirley Ann JacksonPITAC CoChair,Eric LanderPCAST CoChairEric SchmidtPITAC CoChair,The Presidents Council of Advisorson Science and TechnologyExecutive SummaryEnsuring American Leadership in Advanced ManufacturingThe United States has long thrived as a result of its abili
25、ty to manufacture goods and sell them to globalmarkets.Manufacturing activity has supported our economic growth,leading the Nations exports andemploying millions of Americans.The manufacturing sector has also driven knowledge production andinnovation in the United States,by supporting twothirds of p
26、rivate sector research and developmentand by employing scientists,engineers,and technicians to invent new products and introduce innovations in existing industries.The Nations historic leadership in manufacturing,however,is at risk.Manufacturing as a share of nationalincome has declined,as has manuf
27、acturing employment,and our leadership in producing and exportingmanufactured goods is in question.The loss of U.S.leadership in manufacturing,moreover,is not limitedto lowwage jobs in lowtech industries,nor is it limited to our status relative to lowwage nations.TheUnited States is lagging behind i
28、n innovation in its manufacturing sector relative to highwage nationssuch as Germany and Japan,and has relinquished leadership in hightech industries that employ highlyskilled workers.Our trade balance in advanced technology manufactured productslong a relativestrength of the United Statesshifted fr
29、om surplus to deficit starting in 2001,1 and a trade deficit of$17billion in 2003 further widened to$81 billion by 2010.2 In addition,the United States has been steadilylosing the research and development activity linked to manufacturingand associated highskilledjobsto other nations,as well as our a
30、bility to compete in the manufacturing of products that wereinvented and innovated herefrom laptop computers to flat panel displays and lithium ion batteries.As U.S.manufacturing leadership is waning,other nations are investing heavily in growing and revitalizing their manufacturing sectors and are
31、crafting policies to attract and retain production facilities andmultinational companies within their borders.Such policies include partnerships,physical structuressuch as science parks or technology clusters,tax and regulatory incentives,and concentrated investmentin commercialization of promising
32、technologies.Some of these policies amount to industrial policymaking clear bets on specific firms and industriesbut others support precompetitive activities thatwould be regarded as within the scope of appropriate government action in the U.S.1.The balance of trade for“advanced technology products”
33、has widened since 2002,even with a 25%declinein the dollar relative to an index of major foreign currencies.See Gregory Tassey,“Rationales and Mechanisms forRevitalizing U.S.Manufacturing R&D Strategies,”Journal of Technology Transfer 35(2010):283333.2.Census Bureau,Foreign Trade Statistics.http:/ww
34、w.census.gov/foreigntrade/PressRelease/ft900_index.html.Data cited by Tassey,G in“Rationale and Mechanisms for Revitalizing U.S.Manufacturing R&D Strategies”,December2009,Figure 1.http:/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.170.3189&rep=rep1&type=pdf,i,E N S U R I N G A M E R I C A N LE
35、A D E R S H I P I N A DVA N C E D M A N U FAC T U R I N GImplications of Declining U.S.Manufacturing LeadershipThe future ability of the United States to innovate and invent new products and industries,provide highquality jobs to its citizens,and ensure national security depends upon how well we sup
36、port innovationand the development and use of advanced technologies for our manufacturing sector.While the United States may not be able to compete in the long run to make goods for which lowwageunskilled labor is the key input,this need not be true for sophisticated manufacturing linked to products
37、and processes derived from scientific discovery and technological innovation.There are three compellingreasons why we should strive to revitalize our leadership in manufacturing:1.Manufacturing,based on new technologies including highprecision tools and advancedmaterials,provides the opportunity for
38、 highquality,goodpaying jobs for American workers;2.A strong manufacturing sector that adapts to and develops new technologies is vital to ensureongoing U.S.leadership in innovation,because of the synergies created by locating productionprocesses and design processes near to each other;and3.Domestic
39、 manufacturing capabilities using advanced technologies and techniques are vital tonational security.PCAST focuses in this report on advanced manufacturing,a family of activities that(a)depend on theuse and coordination of information,automation,computation,software,sensing,and networking,and/or(b)m
40、ake use of cutting edge materials and emerging capabilities enabled by the physical andbiological sciences,for example nanotechnology,chemistry,and biology.This involves both new waysto manufacture existing products,and especially the manufacture of new products emerging fromnew advanced technologie
41、s.We believe that advanced manufacturing provides the path forward torevitalizing U.S.leadership in manufacturing,and will best support economic productivity and ongoingknowledge production and innovation in the Nation.The Need for an Innovation PolicyWhile the United States should avoid industrial
42、policymaking bets on particular companies andindustrieswe should be unabashed in pursuing an innovation policy.Specifically,the Nation requiresa strategy for supporting innovation in advanced manufacturing.The objectives of an innovation policyshould be to ensure(i)that the U.S.provides the best ove
43、rall environment in which to do business,(ii)that powerful new technologies are developed here and(iii)that technologybased enterprises havethe infrastructure required to flourish here.A U.S.innovation policy should include creating a business and tax environment that attracts and retainsfirms that
44、invest in knowledge production and manufacture innovative products here.This can be donevia the use of tailored incentives and through improved education and training of our workforce touse and develop advanced technologies.A U.S.innovation policy should also involve building on ourNations tradition
45、 of making strategic coinvestments in precompetitive technologies that face marketfailure but that are critical to innovation in manufacturing.These investments should include supportfor new technologies that would form the basis of new industries,as well as shared infrastructure facilities that cou
46、ld be accessed by small and mediumsized firms for widespread benefit across industries.,ii,E X E C U T I V E S U M M A RYSUMMARY OF KEY CONCLUSIONS The United States is losing leadership in manufacturingnot just in low-tech industries andproducts and not just due to low-wages abroad.We are losing gr
47、ound in the production ofhigh-tech products,including those resulting from U.S.innovation and inventions,and inmanufacturing-associated research and development(R&D).As U.S.leadership in manufacturing declines,other nations are investing heavily in advanc-ing their manufacturing leadership,innovatio
48、n systems,and R&D.Advanced manufacturing has the potential to create and retain high-quality jobs in theUnited States.The Nations long-term ability to innovate and compete in the global economy greatlybenefits from co-location of manufacturing and manufacturing-related R&D activities in theUnited St
49、ates.The loss of these activities will undermine our capacity to invent,innovate,and compete in global markets.A strong advanced manufacturing sector is essential to national security.The United States lags behind competitor nations in providing the business environmentand skilled workforce needed f
50、or advanced manufacturing.Federal investments in new technologies,shared infrastructure,and design tools have beencrucial to the birth and growth of major new industries.Individual companies cannot justify the investment required to fully develop many impor-tant new technologies or to create the ful
