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1、,6THE DATA OF MACROECONOMICS宏观经济学的数据,Measuring a Nations Income一国收入的衡量,Chapter 15,Microeconomics微观经济学,Microeconomics is the study of how individual households and firms make decisions and how they interact with one another in markets.微观经济学研究家庭和企业如何作出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。,Macroeconomics宏观经济学,Macroeconom
2、ics is the study of the economy as a whole.宏观经济学研究整体经济。Its goal is to explain the economic changes that affect many households,firms,and markets at once.宏观经济学的目标是解释同时影响许多家庭、企业和市场的经济变化。,Macroeconomics,Macroeconomics answers questions like the following:Why is average income high in some countries and
3、 low in others?Why do prices rise rapidly in some time periods while they are more stable in others?Why do production and employment expand in some years and contract in others?,宏观经济学,宏观经济学回答以下问题：为什么一些国家平均收入高，而另一些国家平均收入低?为什么一些时期物价上升迅速，而另一些时期物价较为稳定?为什么一些年份生产和就业扩大，而另一些年份收缩？,7,美国1930s经济大萧条,20世纪30年代，美国股
4、市崩溃引发经济大萧条,失业人员在政府部门登记备案，要求政府解决工作,1935年，露宿在纽约城港区码头的失业者,1935年，爱荷华州斯密司兰，一家人的圣诞夜晚餐,1932年，纽约，人们排队等待领取面包,1937年，加州帝王谷，失业的年轻母亲,1933年，爱荷华州一座农场被抵押拍卖,1933年，首都华盛顿特区一处街道,1936年，旧金山，一名青年在一间职业介绍所外查看招聘信息,1933年，存款者在银行前等待兑现。至1933年初美国已有半数银行倒闭业,1934年，旧金山，警察与罢工工人发生冲突,8,津巴布韦的通货膨胀,津巴布韦一张一千亿的钞票仅仅等价于一美元，这场经济危机开始于1980年，自从这个国
5、家获得独立以来通货膨胀率已经到达了2,200,000。近年，政府已经开始发行1百万，5百万，1千万和最高的5亿元的钞票。,2012年2月12日，希腊议会通过总额为33亿欧元的新紧缩措施。希腊警察和示威者在首都雅典的街头爆发了冲突。图为示威者向警察投掷石块。,9,图为一名示威者在雅典宪法广场上大声呼喊。,10,图为示威者在雅典市中心向警察投掷石块。,11,图为两名女性在雅典宪法广场掩面捂鼻以躲避催泪气体。,12,图为希腊警察看守着几名被扣留的示威者。,13,14,The Economys Income and Expenditure经济的收入与支出,When judging whether th
6、e economy is doing well or poorly,it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.当判断经济富裕还是贫穷时，观察经济中所有人赚到的总收入是自然而然的。,The Economys Income and Expenditure经济的收入与支出,For an economy as a whole,income must equal expenditure because:对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出，因为：Every transaction h
7、as a buyer and a seller.每一次交易都有买者和卖者。Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.某个买者的1美元支出就是某个卖者的1美元收入,Gross domestic product(GDP)is a measure of the income and expenditures of an economy.It is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a
8、 country in a given period of time.,The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product,国内生产总值(GDP)衡量一个经济体的收入和支出。国内生产总值(GDP)是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终商品（物品）与服务（劳务）的市场价值。,国内生产总值的衡量,The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product国内生产总值的衡量,The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diag
9、ram.收入等于支出可以由经济循环图来说明。,Figure 1 The Circular-Flow Diagram,Spending,Revenue,Income,=Flow of inputs,and outputs,=Flow of dollars,图1.经济循环图,企业,家庭,生产要素市场,商品和服务市场,The Measurement of GDPGDP的衡量,GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.GDP 是在
10、某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。,The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product,“GDP is the Market Value.”Output is valued at market prices.“.Of All Final.”It records only the value of final goods,not intermediate goods(the value is counted only once).“.Goods and Services.“It includes both tangible goods(fo
11、od,clothing,cars)and intangible services(haircuts,housecleaning,doctor visits).,GDP的衡量,“GDP 是市场价值.”产出按市场价格来评价。“.所有的.”GDP只包括最终物品的价值，而不包括中间品的价值（价值只能计算一次）。“.物品与劳务.“它既包括有形的物品（食物、衣服、汽车），也包括无形的劳务（理发、打扫房屋、医生出诊）。,The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product,“.Produced.”It includes goods and services currently
12、produced,not transactions involving goods produced in the past.“.Within a Country.”It measures the value of production within the geographic confines of a country.,GDP的衡量,“.生产的.”它包括现期生产的物品与劳务，并不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。“.一个国家之内.”它衡量的生产价值是在一个国家的地理范围之内。,The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product国内生产总值的衡量,“.In a
13、Given Period of Time.”“在某一既定时期内”It measures the value of production that takes place within a specific interval of time,usually a year or a quarter(three months).它衡量某一既定时期内进行的生产的价值，通常这个时期是一年和一个季度（三个月）。,THE COMPONENTS OF GDPGDP的组成部分,GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally in m
14、arkets.GDP包括一个经济体生产并在市场上合法销售的所有物品与劳务。,THE COMPONENTS OF GDP,What Is Not Counted in GDP?GDP excludes most items that are produced and consumed at home and that never enter the marketplace.It excludes items produced and sold illicitly,such as illegal drugs.,GDP的组成部分,什么未计算在GDP之内？GDP不包括在家里生产和消费而没有进入市场的大
15、多数商品和服务。GDP不包括非法生产和销售的项目，如毒品。,Other Measures of Income其他收入衡量指标,Gross National Product(GNP)国民收入总值Net National Product(NNP)国民生产净值National Income 国民收入,Other Measures of Income其他收入衡量指标,Personal Income 个人收入Disposable Personal Income 个人可支配收入,Gross National Product,Gross national product(GNP)is the total i
16、ncome earned by a nations permanent residents(called nationals).It differs from GDP by including income that our citizens earn abroad and excluding income that foreigners earn here.,国民总收入,国民总收入(GNP)是一国永久居民（称为国民）所赚到的总收入。GNP 与GDP不同之处在于包括本国公民在国外赚到的收入，而不包括外国人在本国赚到的收入。,Net National Product(NNP),Net Natio
17、nal Product(NNP)is the total income of the nations residents(GNP)minus losses from depreciation.Depreciation is the wear and tear on the economys stock of equipment and structures.,国民生产净值(NNP),国民生产净值(NNP)是一国居民的总收入减去折旧的消耗。折旧是经济中设备和建筑物存量的磨损或损耗。,National Income,National Income is the total income earne
18、d by a nations residents in the production of goods and services.It differs from NNP by excluding indirect business taxes(such as sales taxes)and including business subsidies.,国民收入,国民收入 是一国居民在物品与劳务生产中赚到的总收入。国民收入与国民产值的不同之处在于不包括间接的企业税（例如销售税）而包括企业补贴。,Personal Income,Personal income is the income that h
19、ouseholds and noncorporate businesses receive.Unlike national income,it excludes retained earnings,which is income that corporations have earned but have not paid out to their owners.In addition,it includes households interest income and government transfers.,个人收入,个人收入是居民户和非公司企业得到的收入。与国民收入不同，个人收入不包括
20、留存收益（未分配利润），留存收益是公司赚到但没有支付给其所有者的收入。另外，个人收入包括家庭从其持有政府债券中得到的利息收入，以及从政府得到的转移支付（例如福利和社会保障收入）。,Disposable Personal Income,Disposable personal income is the income that household and noncorporate businesses have left after satisfying all their obligations to the government.It equals personal income minus
21、personal taxes and certain nontax payments.,个人可支配收入,个人可支配收入是家庭和非公司企业在完成他们对政府的义务之后剩下的收入。个人可支配收入等于个人收入减去个人所得税和某些非税收支付（例如，交通罚单）。,The Components of GDPGDP的组成部分,GDP(Y)is the sum of the following:GDP(Y)是以下项目之和：Consumption(C)消费（C）Investment(I)投资（I）Government Purchases(G)政府购买（G）Net Exports(NX)净出口（NX）Y=C+I+G
22、+NX,The Components of GDPGDP的组成部分,Consumption消费(C):The spending by households on goods and services,with the exception of purchases of new housing.家庭除了购买新住房以外用于物品与劳务的支出。Investment投资(I):The spending on capital equipment,inventories,and structures,including new housing.用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，其中包括家庭用于购买新住房的支
23、出。,The Components of GDP,Government Purchases(G):The spending on goods and services by local,state,and federal governments.Does not include transfer payments because they are not made in exchange for currently produced goods or services.Net Exports(NX):Exports minus imports.,GDP的组成部分,政府购买(G):地方、州和联邦
24、政府用于物品与劳务的支出。政府购买不包括转移支付，因为这种支付并不要求交换现在生产的物品与劳务。净出口(NX):出口减进口,Table 1 GDP and Its Components,Copyright2004 South-Western,表1.GDP和其组成部分（1998）,GDP and Its Components(2001),GDP和其组成部分(2001),我国支出法国内生产总值（2002）,支出法国内生产总值,本图按当年价格计算,本图按当年价格计算,本图按当年价格计算,56,57,58,59,60,4、把下列交易归入四个支出部分之一：消费、投资、政府购买以及净出口。A、波音公司向空
25、军出售一架飞机 B、波音公司向美国航空公司出售一架飞机C、波音公司向法国航空公司出售一架飞机 D、波音飞机向阿密拉埃尔哈特出售了一架飞机E、波音公司制造了一架下半年出售的飞机,61,4、把下列交易归入四个支出部分之一：消费、投资、政府购买以及净出口。A、波音公司向空军出售一架飞机（政府购买）B、波音公司向美国航空公司出售一架飞机（投资）C、波音公司向法国航空公司出售一架飞机（净出口）D、波音飞机向阿密拉埃尔哈特出售了一架飞机（消费）E、波音公司制造了一架下半年出售的飞机（投资）,主要国家的阶段经济增长率,国际货币基金组织公布的2010年GDP 1.以国际汇率计算的GDP总量。（中国5.75万亿
26、美元）2.以购买力平价计算的GDP总量。（中国10.08万亿美元）3.以国际汇率计算的人均GDP。（中国4283美元）4.以购买力平价计算的人均GDP。（中国7518美元）注：中国的数据仅包含内地，港澳台都另外单独计算。,中国按国际汇率计算的GDP已经超过日本名列第二，相当于美国的39.3%。1 United States 14,624,184 2 China 5,745,133 3 Japan 5,390,897 4 Germany 3,305,898 5 France 2,555,439(单位:百万美元),Real versus Nominal GDP 实际GDP与名义GDP,Nomina
27、l GDP values the production of goods and services at current prices.名义GDP按现期价格计算的物品与劳务产出的价值量。Real GDP values the production of goods and services at constant prices.实际GDP按不变的基年价格计算的物品与劳务产出的价值量。,Real versus Nominal GDP实际GDP与名义GDP,An accurate view of the economy requires adjusting nominal to real GDP
28、by using the GDP deflator.如果想对经济有一个更准确的理解，需要用GDP平减指数将名义GDP转换成实际GDP。,Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP 实际与名义GDP,Copyright2004 South-Western,Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP 实际与名义GDP,Copyright2004 South-Western,Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP 实际与名义GDP,Copyright2004 South-Western,GDP Deflator GDP平减指数,The GDP defla
29、tor measures the current level of prices relative to the level of prices in the base year.GDP平减指数衡量相对于基年价格的现期物价水平。It tells us the rise in nominal GDP that is attributable to a rise in prices rather than a rise in the quantities produced.GDP平减指数说明在名义GDP增长中，多少归因于价格的上升而不是产量的增加。,GDP Deflator GDP平减指数,The
30、 GDP deflator is calculated as follows:GDP平减指数计算如下：,Converting Nominal GDP to Real GDP将名义GDP转换成实际GDP,Nominal GDP is converted to real GDP as follows:转换如下：,Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP 实际与名义GDP,Copyright2004 South-Western,Figure 2 Real GDP in the United States,Billions of,1996 Dollars,$10,000,9,000,8
31、,000,7,000,6,000,5,000,4,000,3,000,1970,1975,1980,1985,1990,2000,1995,图2.美国的实际GDP,1996年的10亿美元,$10,000,9,000,8,000,7,000,6,000,5,000,4,000,3,000,1970,1975,1980,1985,1990,2000,1995,GDP and Economic Well-BeingGDP和经济福利,GDP is the best single measure of the economic well-being of a society.GDP是社会经济福利一个良好
32、的衡量指标。GDP per person tells us the income and expenditure of the average person in the economy.人均GDP告诉我们经济中每个人的平均收入与支出。,GDP and Economic Well-BeingGDP和经济福利,Higher GDP per person indicates a higher standard of living.较高的人均GDP说明较高的生活水平。GDP is not a perfect measure of the happiness or quality of life,ho
33、wever.但是，GDP并不是幸福或生活质量的完美衡量指标。,GDP and Economic Well-Being,Some things that contribute to well-being are not included in GDP.The value of leisure.The value of a clean environment.The value of almost all activity that takes place outside of markets,such as the value of the time parents spend with the
34、ir children and the value of volunteer work.,GDP和经济福利,对美好生活作出贡献的某些东西并没有包括在GDP中。闲暇的价值。清洁环境的价值。几乎所有在市场之外进行的活动的价值，如父母在家照顾孩子的时间的价值和义务工作的价值。,Table 3 GDP,Life Expectancy,and Literacy,Copyright2004 South-Western,表3.GDP、预期寿命与识字率,Copyright2004 South-Western,国别 人均实际GDP(1999年，美元)预期寿命（岁）成人识字率（）,美国 31 872 77 99
35、日本 24 898 81 99德国 23 742 78 99墨西哥 8 297 72 91俄罗斯 7 473 66 99巴西 7 037 67 85中国 3 617 70 83 印度尼西亚 2 857 66 86印度 2 248 63 56巴基斯坦 1 834 60 45孟加拉国 1 483 59 41尼日利亚 853 52 63,Summary,Because every transaction has a buyer and a seller,the total expenditure in the economy must equal the total income in the ec
36、onomy.Gross Domestic Product(GDP)measures an economys total expenditure on newly produced goods and services and the total income earned from the production of these goods and services.,小结,由于每一次交易都有买者与卖者，所以，经济中的总支出必定等于经济中的总收入。国内生产总值(GDP)衡量经济用于新生产的物品与劳务的总支出，以及生产这些物品与劳务所赚到的总收入。,Summary,GDP is the mark
37、et value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.GDP is divided among four components of expenditure:consumption,investment,government purchases,and net exports.,小结,GDP是一个国家之内在某一既定时期生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。GDP分为四个组成部分：消费、投资、政府购买和净出口。,Summary,Nominal GDP uses cur
38、rent prices to value the economys production.Real GDP uses constant base-year prices to value the economys production of goods and services.The GDP deflator-calculated from the ratio of nominal to real GDP-measures the level of prices in the economy.,小结,名义 GDP 用现期价格来评价经济中物品与劳务的生产。实际GDP 用不变的基年价格来评价经济
39、中物品与劳务的生产。GDP 平减指数用名义GDP与实际GDP的比率计算衡量经济的物价水平。,Summary,GDP is a good measure of economic well-being because people prefer higher to lower incomes.It is not a perfect measure of well-being because some things,such as leisure time and a clean environment,arent measured by GDP.,小结,GDP 是经济福利的一个良好衡量指标，因为人们对高收入的偏好大于低收入。但是GDP并不是衡量福利的一个完美指标，因为GDP不包括闲暇的价值和清洁的环境的价值。,作业,问题和应用5、8和11,90,
