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1、四级英语语法讲座,重点七 几种重要的时态,I.考点分析,在四级考试中，时态（包括语态）这部分的考点大多隐藏在别的类型的动词题（虚拟语气、非谓语动词、情态动词、连词）中。如2002年1 月份第43题：All flights _ because of the terrible weather,they had to go there by train.A)were canceled B)having canceled C)had been canceled D)having been canceled这是一道较为综合的考动词的题，包括了时态、语态、分词作状语。单独考时态的题主要是考察对完成时态中的
2、掌握，其中以一般将来时、将来完成时和过去完成时最为重要。完成进行时有时也会考到。跟其它的语法题相似，做时态题时主要是找出考点和线索。时态题的线索主要是用于完成时的几个介词（连词）：since,for,by,up to(now)等。其中尤其以by最为重要。,D,II知识点,一般将来时一般将来时的考点无一例外地出现在下面的情况中：在将来时态中，主句用将来时，从句则要用一般时。如98年6月的第53题：If she doesnt tell him the truth now,hell simply keep on asking her until she _.A)doesB)has doneC)wil
3、l doD)would do,A,现在完成进行时,由have(has)+been+现在分词构成，表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去，通常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如for hours,since this morning.例如：They have been watching TV for two hours.He has been working on this essay since this morning.现在完成进行时和现在完成时的第二种（即表示动作延续）的用法相似，并常常可以互换。它们的区别在于：现在完成进行时比现在完成时更强调动作的延续性，前者可以说是后者
4、的强调形式。,过去完成时,1.由had+过去分词构成，表示在过去某一时刻以前已经完成的动作，常与由by,before，until等介词或连词引起的表示到过去某一时间为止的时间状语连用。例如：The girl had learned a lot of English words before she went to school.By the end of last month,we had finished half of the work.2.这一时态也常用于宾语或定语从句中。例如：He found the book that he had lost.She thought she had
5、locked the door.3.用在表示与过去情况相反的虚拟句的从句中，例如：If he had studied hard last term,he would have passed the examination.I wish I had gone to the party last night.,过去完成进行时,由had been+现在分词构成，主要表示过去某时以前一直在进行的一个动作，例如：It had been raining for two day.The fields were all under water.At last they got the telegram the
6、y had been expecting.将来完成时由shall(will)+have+过去分词构成，表示将来某个时间之前会发生或可能完成的事情，常与by,before,when等介词或连词引导的表示将来的时间短语或从句连用。例如：When we get there theyll probably have left.By the end of this century China will have become one of the strongest and wealthiest country in the world.,四级真题时 态,1.Once environmental dam
7、age _,it takes many years for the system to recover.（97/6/50）A)has done B)is to doC)does D)is doneD)本题时态与语态同时考到。2.Such crimes may be so complex that months or years go by before anyone them.(02/12/31)A)discovered B)will discover C)would have discoveredD)discovers D)主句虽然没有用将来时，但隐含将来的意义，从句中要用一般时。,3.If
8、 she doesnt tell him the truth now,hell simply keep on asking her until she _.(98/6/53)A)does B)has done C)will do D)would do 4.If you smoke in a non-smoking section people，_.（93/1/41）A)have objected B)objected C)must object D)will objectD)从句中用了一般时表示一般的条件，主句中用will表示一种习惯动作或趋势。,A,5.The last half of th
9、e nineteenth century _ the steady improvement in the means of travel.(98/6/41)A)has witnessed B)was witnessed C)witnessed D)is witnessedC)时间是the last half the 19th century，是过去，又没有表示完成时的其它状语，所以要用过去时。6.She ought to stop work;she has a headache because she _ too long.(00/1/41)A)had read B)read C)is rea
10、ding D)has been readingD)主句的时态是一般现在时，而看书太久与头疼之间存在着时间次序和因果关系，从句初步判断应为完成时，仅从这一点即可作出正确答案。此处用完成进行时，表示她一直在看书。,7.The fifth generation computers,with artificial intelligence,_ and perfected now.（96/1/21）A)developedC)are being developedB)have developedD)will have been developedC)本题有明确的时间now，所以动词的时态不能用过去和将来，
11、完成时也不太好，如果用完成时的话，应该说“by now”。8.Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949,it _ necessary for all planes to land for refueling.（96/6/25）A)would be B)has been C)had been D)would have beenC)线索是时间状语before in 1949，1949年已经是过去了，再来了一个before，可知这是过去的过去，因此要用过去完成时。,9.Neither of the young men who had applied
12、for a position in the university _.(98/1/33)A)has been accepted C)was accepted B)have been accepted D)were acceptedC)定语从句中的过去完成时是本题的线索。通常申请的时间是在被录用的时间之前，申请用了过去完成时，则录用就要用过去时了。Neither表示（二者之中）一个也不，是个单数的概念。10._ she realized it was too late to go home.(00/1/61)A)It was not until dark thatB)Hardly did it
13、grow dark that C)No sooner it grew dark than D)Scarcely had it grown dark than A)本题有两种方法。简单的答题方法是判断出这是个强调句，前后时间都一致，没有问题。复杂一点的话是用排除法。在表示过去的事情时，不管是用hardly,no sooner,scarcely中的哪一个，从句中都要用过去完成时，可知B)、C)不对。同时还要考虑搭配关系，hardly和scarcely都是和than搭配，no sooner和than搭配。,11.Investigators agreed that passengers on the
14、airliner _ at the very moment of the crash.(02/6/67)A)should have died B)must be dying C)must have died D)ought to dieC)本题是情态动词和时态的综合题。根据主句中的agreed知道这是对过去的判断，形式应当是：情态动词+have+过去分词。而A)表示是否应当去做某事，不表示判断。（汉语中可以用“应当”来表示判断，但在英语中不可以，应代之以may，might或must）12.Not until the game had begun_ at the sports ground.(0
15、0/6/23)A)had he arrived B)would he have arrived C)did he arrive D)should he have arrivedC)not until 句型表示从句中的时间略早于主句的时间，此处从句中用了过去完成时，主句就应该用一般过去时了。,13.Until then,his family _ from him for six months.(97/1/21)A)didnt hear B)hasnt been hearing C)hasnt heard D)hadnt heard D)根据until then，知道这是过去，再由主句后面的时间状
16、语for six months，知道要用完成时，二者结合起来，就是过去完成时。14.“May I speak to your manager Mr.Williams at five oclock tonight?”“Im sorry.Mr.Williams _ to a conference long before then.”(00/6/41)A)will have gone B)had gone C)would have gone D)has gone A)问话中的five oclock明显指的是现在将来，答话中的then 即指是这个时间，再由long before可知，相对于then来说
17、，动作已经完成了，故用将来完成时。,15.A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax,found on his clothes,_ from the sort of candles used only in churches.(99/6/63)A)had come B)coming C)come D)that cameA)贼被逮着了用的是过去时，身上的腊肯定是在被逮着之前沾上的，所以是过去的过去。16.We _ to start our own business,but we never had enough
18、 money.(94/1/46)A)have hoped B)hope C)had hoped D)should hope C)还是根据过去的过去这个时间顺序进行判断。,17.By the end of this month,we surely _ a satisfactory solution to the problem.(93/6/45)A)have found B)will be finding C)will have found D)are findingC)以下各题中均使用了关键线索by。by后面接的如果是将来的时间，主句肯定用将来完成时；如果接的是过去的时间，主句则用过去完成时。
19、所以我们将只提供答案，题解请读者自行分析。18.By the end of the year all but two people _.(94/1/42)A)have left B)will leave C)will be leaving D)will have left,D,19.Its reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory _ by about10%.(96/1/39)A)will have risen B)has risen C)will be rising D)has bee
20、n rising 20.The conference _ a full week by the time it ends.(97/1/22)A)must have lasted B)will have lasted C)would last D)has lasted,A,B,21.By the time you get to New York,I _ for London.(02/1/50)A)am leaving B)shall have left C)have already leftD)would be leaving 22.My train arrives in New York at
21、 eight oclock tonight.The plane I would like to take from there _ by then.(99/1/47)A)would leave B)will have left C)has left D)had left,B,B,23.He came back late,_ which time all the guests had already left.(99/6/41)A)after B)by C)at D)during24.By the time he arrives in Beijing,we _ here for two days
22、.(01/6/31)A)will have stayed B)shall stay C)have been staying D)have stayed,B,A,重点八 被动语态,I.考点分析,与时态相似，被动语态通常都融合于其它的动词题中（时态、非谓语动词、虚拟语气等），纯粹考语态的题几乎是没有的。换句话说，我们在做其它的题的时候也要将被动语态考虑进去。,II被动语态注意要点：,1.不及物动词+介词的动词短语，改为被动语态时，介词不可省略。Mary laughed at his plan.His plan was laughed at by Mary.I looked down upon th
23、em.They are looked down upon by me.2.及物动词有两个宾语时，可改为两种被动语态。They offered her a post in the Cabinet.She was offered a post in the Cabinet.A post in the Cabinet was offered her.3.有些动词以被动语态表主动意义，其后不用by，而用at,in,with,about,to 等介词。I am worried about this.This worries me.John is interested in history.History
24、 interests John.Her plan was known to everyone.Everyone knew her plan.,4.感官动词或使役动词+宾语+原形动词，改为被动语态时，其后的原形动词改为不定式。We saw Tom enter the room.Tom was seen to enter the room by us.5.有宾语补语的句子改为被动语态时，补语放在动词之后。Everyone expected Emily to marry Mark.Emily was expected by everyone to marry Mark.,II被动语态注意要点：,四级
25、真题语 态,1.That tree looked as if _ for a long time.(93/1/52)A)hasnt watered B)didnt water C)hadnt been watered D)wasnt watered C)题意：那棵树看上去似乎很长时间没给浇水了。解析：本题中主句的谓语动词是过去时，而且从句的谓语动词所示动作发生在主句动作之前，因此从句中的谓语动词必须用过去完成时。由于树是浇水动作的承受物，所以只能选择过去完成时的被动形式。2.After _ for the job,you will be required to take a language
26、test.(93/6/44)A)being interviewed B)interviewed C)interviewing D)having interviewedA)题意：在你求职面试之后，还要参加一次语言测试。解析：在介词after后面应当用动名词。句子的主语是you，因此 应当用被动形式。,3.Mr.Johnson preferred _ heavier work to do.(93/6/61)A)to be given B)to be giving C)to have given D)having givenA)题意：约翰逊先生宁可有更重的活干。解析：动词prefer后接名词，动名词
27、或动词不定式，表示宁可，更喜欢。由题意可知，此处应用被动语态。因此选A。4.The grey building is where the workers live,and the white one is where the spare parts _.(95/1/41)A)are producing B)are produced C)produced D)being producedB)题意：这幢灰色的建筑是工人们居住的地方，而那幢白色的建筑是机器零件的生产地。解析：从句中spare parts和produce是被动关系，因此只能选B,5.It is not unusual for work
28、ers in that region _.(95/1/55)A)to be paid more than a month late B)to be paid later than more a monthC)to pay later than a month more D)to pay late more than a monthA)题意：那个地方的工人经常一个多月后才能拿到工资。解析：由于workers和pay之间是被动关系，只能选A）。6.Michael used to look hurt and surprised when _.(95/1/58)A)scolding B)to scol
29、d C)having scolded D)scoldedD)题意：当被责骂时，Michael总是显得既伤心又惊讶。解析：Michael与scold之间是被动关系，只有 D）正确。,7.o be frank,Id rather you _ in the case.(95/1/61)A)will not be involved B)not involved C)not to be involved D)were not involvedD)题意：坦白地说，我宁愿你没有被卷入这个案子。解析：Would rather 后要用虚拟语气表示与现在事实相反的假设。因此选D)。8.Mark often att
30、empts to escape _ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.(95/6/42)A)having been fined B)to be fined C)to have been fined D)being finedD)题意：每当马克违反交通规则时，他常常企图逃避罚款处分。解析：escape后接名词或动名词，不能接动词不定式。马克是罚款动作的承受者，因此选D。,9.It is recommended that the project _ until all the preparations have been made.(95/6/44)A)
31、is not started B)will not be started C)not be started D)is not to be startedC)题意：建议在一切准备工作做好后再开始这一项目。解析：在demand,desire,insist,order,propose,recommend,request,suggest等的动词后，宾语从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即动词原形。本题的结构是it is+这类动词的被动语态+that 从句，that引导的是主语从句，这种主语从句中的谓语动词也要用虚拟语气，即动词原形或should+动词原形。项目不是动作的发出者，只能选C。10.The fif
32、th generation computers,which artificial intelligence,_ and perfected now.(96/1/21)A)developed B)have developed C)are being developed D)will have been developedC)题意：具有人工智能的第五代计算机目前正在开发和完善中。解析：句中develop和perfect是并列的两个谓语动词，动词perfect在句中用被动语态，与之并列作谓语的动词develop也应是被动语态。故只C)有正确。,11.Sir Denis,who is 78,has m
33、ade it known that much of his collection _ to the nation.(96/6/24)A)has left B)is to leave C)leaves D)is to be left.D)题意：78岁的丹尼斯爵士声明他将把他的许多收藏品留给国家。解析：从句中collection和leave的关系可知，此处应为不定式的被动语态。12.The room is in a terrible mess;it _ cleaned.(96/6/31)A)cant have been B)shouldnt have been C)mustnt have been
34、 D)wouldnt have beenA)题意：这个房间杂乱不堪，可能还未清扫过。解析：由前一分句可知后应为一表示与之相反意思的猜测的句子。因此选A。,13.Great as Newton was,many of his ideas _ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.(97/1/40)A)are to challenge B)may be challenged C)have been challenged D)are challengingC)题意：虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物，但他的许多见解今
35、天受到了挑战，并且为现代科学家的工作所修正。解析：challenge是及物动词，在本句中应当是被动语态；其动作延续到今天，所以要用现在完成时态。14.It is vital that enough money _ to fund the project.(97/1/45)A)be collected B)must be collected C)is collected D)can be collectedA)题意：重要的是募集足够的钱，为这个项目提供资金。解析：在it is important that,it is necessary that，之类句子结构中，that引导的主语从句中的谓语动
36、词一般要用虚拟语气，即用动词原形或should+动词原形。money和collect之间是被动关系，因此选A。,15.As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said,not what we think _.(97/6/49)A)ought to be said B)must say C)have to be said D)need to sayA)题意：作为教师，我们关心的应该是学生说了什么，而不是我们自认为的学生应当说什么。解析：What is said和what we think一样都是with后面由what引出的名词性从
37、句。在前一从句中，what是主语，is said是动词的被动语态作谓语；在后一从句中what也是作语，谓语同样也用被动语态。16.I dont think it advisable that Tim _ to the job since he has no experience.(97/6/55)A)is assigned B)will be assigned C)be assigned D)has been assignedC)题意：汤姆缺乏经验，指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。解析：在it is necessary/important/advisable that 的句型中，that引导
38、的主语从句中的谓语要用虚拟语气，即用动词原形或should+动词原形。,17.Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university _.(98/1/33)A)has been accepted B)have been accepted C)was accepted D)were acceptedC)题意：在向这所大学求职的年轻人中，没有一人被录用。解析：Neither of结构，做主语必须用谓语动词的单数形式。18.We are all for your proposal that the discu
39、ssion _.(98/6/68)A)be put off B)was put off C)should put off D)is to put offA)题意：我们都同意你将讨论会推迟的建议。解析：proposal 要求从句中的谓语用(should)+动词原形。因此只有A)正确。,19.All flights _ because the snowstorm,many passengers could do nothing but take the train.(99/1/51)A)had been canceled B)have been canceled C)were canceled D
40、)having been canceledD)题意：所有的航班都因暴风雪而被取消了，许多乘客只能搭乘火车。解析：flights和cancel之间是被动关系，因此选D)。此处逻辑主语+having 用作独立结构表原因。20.If the operation _ beforehand,a great deal of time and money would have been lost.(99/6/43)A)was not planned B)has not been planned C)were not planned D)had not been plannedD)题意：如果事先没有计划好这个
41、活动，那就会损失大量的时间和金钱。解析：主句用了过去完成时，因此从句应用had done;又因是被动语态，因此选D)。,21.As Commander-in-chief on the armed forces,I have directed that all measures _ for our defense.(99/6/62)A)be taken B)would be taken C)to be taken D)had been takenA)题意：作为军队的总司令，我命令采取一切措施来保卫国家。解析：direct后的宾语从句中应用虚拟语气，即(should)+动词原形。22.The pr
42、oject _ by the end of 2000,will expand the citys telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.(99/6/68)A)being accomplished B)to be accomplished C)accomplished D)having been accomplished B)题意：于2000年底完成的这个项目将会使这个城市的电话网扩大到能容纳1，000，000名用户。解析：此处动词不定式表将来，因此选B)。,23.Those gifts of rare books that were given
43、to us were deeply _.(99/6/70)A)appealed B)appreciated C)applied D)approvedB)题意：我们非常喜欢这些作为礼物而送给我们的珍贵书籍。解析：由于题干为被动语态，所以不能单用appealed，必须用appealed to。因此选B)。24.It is essential that these application forms _ back as early as possible.(00/1/64)A)must be sent B)will be sentC)be sentD)are sentC)题意：尽快寄回申请表是非常重要的。解析：Essential后的主语从句应用虚拟语气，即(should)+动词原形。,25.The bank is reported in the local newspaper _ in broad daylight yesterday.(01/1/63)A)robbed B)to have been robbed C)being robbed D)having been robbed B)题意：据当地报纸报道，昨天这家银行竟在大白天遭到抢劫。解析：在报道时，银行已被抢。因此只有B)正确。,GOOD BYE,
