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1、Plastic surgery,Made by:张博阳 付亚云,In recent years,more and more people,especially some young girls choose to take plastic surgeries.Some people argue that this kind of surgery can improve ones appearance,thus secure a good job.Others hold a different opinion,they consider plastic surgery as a waste of
2、 money.,Plastic surgery history,Plastic surgery is a medical specialty concerned with the correction or restoration of form and function.Though cosmetic or aesthetic surgery is the best-known kind of plastic surgery,most plastic surgery is not cosmetic:plastic surgery includes many types of reconstr
3、uctive surgery,hand surgery,microsurgery,and the treatment of burns.Reconstructive surgery techniques were being carried out in India by 800 BC.Sushruta（苏胥如塔）,the father of,Indian surgery,made important contributions to the field of plastic and cataract surgery in 6th century BC.The medical works of
4、 both Sushruta and Charak originally in Sanskrit were translated into Arabic language during the Abbasid Caliphate in 750 AD.The Arabic translations made their way into Europe via intermediaries.5 In Italy the Branca family6 of Sicily and Gaspare（加斯帕雷）Tagliacozzi(Bologna博洛尼亚)became familiar with the
5、 techniques of Sushruta.,British physicians traveled to India to see rhinoplasty（鼻整形）being performed by native methods.Reports on Indian rhinoplasty performed by a Kumhar vaidya were published in the Gentlemans Magazine by 1794.Joseph Constantine Carpue spent 20 years in India studying local plastic
6、 surgery methods.Carpue was able to perform the first major surgery in the Western world by 1815.Instruments described in the Sushruta Samhita were further modified in the Western world.,Aulus Cornelius Celsus,who lived in the first century AD,described plastic surgery of the face,using skin from ot
7、her parts of the body.The ancient Egyptians and Romans also performed plastic cosmetic surgery.The Romans were able to perform simple techniques,such as repairing damaged ears from around the 1st century BC.,For religious reasons,they did not dissect either human beings or animals,thus their knowled
8、ge was based in its entirety on the texts of their Greek predecessors.Notwithstanding,Aulus Cornelius Celsus left some surprisingly accurate anatomical descriptions,9 some of which for instance,his studies on the genitalia and the skeleton are of special interest to plastic surgery.,In 1465,Sabuncuo
9、glus book,description,and classification of hypospadias was more informative and up to date.Localization of urethral meatus was described in detail.Sabuncuoglu also detailed the description and classification of ambiguous genitalia.citation needed common.,In mid-15th century Europe,Heinrich von Pfol
10、speundt described a process to make a new nose for one who lacks it entirely,and the dogs have devoured it by removing skin from the back of the arm and suturing it in place.However,because of the dangers associated with surgery in any form,especially that involving the head or face,it was not until
11、 the 19th and 20th centuries that such surgery became,Up until the techniques of anesthesia（麻醉）became established,surgeries involving healthy tissues involved great pain.Infection from surgery was reduced by the introduction of sterile techniques and disinfectants.The invention and use of antibiotic
12、s,beginning with sulfa drugs and penicillin,was another step in making elective surgery possible.,In 1792,Chopart performed operative procedure on a lip using a flap from the neck.In 1814,Joseph Carpue successfully performed operative procedure on a British military officer who had lost his nose to
13、the toxic effects of mercury treatments.In 1818,German surgeon Carl Ferdinand von Graefe published his major work entitled Rhinoplastik.Von Graefe modified the Italian method using a free skin graft from the arm instead of the original delayed pedicle flap.,In 1792,Chopart performed operative proced
14、ure on a lip using a flap from the neck.In 1814,Joseph Carpue successfully performed operative procedure on a British military officer who had lost his nose to the toxic effects of mercury treatments.In 1818,German surgeon Carl Ferdinand von Graefe published his major work entitled Rhinoplastik.Von
15、Graefe modified the Italian method using a free skin graft from the arm instead of the original delayed pedicle flap.,In 1792,Chopart performed operative procedure on a lip using a flap from the neck.In 1814,Joseph Carpue successfully performed operative procedure on a British military officer who h
16、ad lost his nose to the toxic effects of mercury treatments.In 1818,German surgeon Carl Ferdinand von Graefe published his major work entitled Rhinoplastik.Von Graefe modified the Italian method using a free skin graft from the arm instead of the original delayed pedicle flap.,The first American pla
17、stic surgeon was John Peter Mettauer,who,in 1827,performed the first cleft palate operation with instruments that he designed himself.In 1845,Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach wrote a comprehensive text on rhinoplasty,entitled Operative Chirurgie,and introduced the concept of reoperation to improve the c
18、osmetic appearance of the reconstructed nose.,In 1891,American otorhinolaryngologist（耳鼻喉科专家）John Roe presented an example of his work,a young woman on whom he reduced a dorsal nasal hump for cosmetic indications.In 1892,Robert Weir experimented unsuccessfully with xenografts（异种移植）(duck sternum)in th
19、e reconstruction of sunken noses.,In 1896,James Israel,a urological surgeon from Germany,and in 1889 George Monks of the United States each described the successful use of heterogeneous free-bone grafting to reconstruct saddle nose defects.In 1898,Jacques Joseph,the German orthopaedic（整形外科）-trained
20、surgeon,published his first account of reduction rhinoplasty.In 1928,Jacques Joseph published Nasenplastik und Sonstige Gesichtsplastik.,20th century In World War I,a New Zealand otolaryngologist（耳鼻喉科专家）working in London,Harold Gillies,developed many of the techniques of modern plastic surgery in ca
21、ring for soldiers suffering from disfiguring facial injuries.His work was expanded upon during World War II by his cousin and former student Archibald McIndoe,who pioneered treatments for RAF（英国皇家空军）aircrew suffering from severe burns.McIndoes radical,experimental treatments,led to the formation of
22、the Guinea Pig Club.In 1946,Gillies carried out the first female-to-male sex reassignment surgery.,Plastic surgery,as a specialty,evolved remarkably during the 20th century in the United States.One of the founders of the specialty,Vilray Blair,was the first chief of the Division of Plastic and Recon
23、structive Surgery at Washington University in St.Louis,Missouri.In one of his many areas of clinical expertise,Blair treated World War I soldiers with complex maxillofacial injuries,and his paper on Reconstructive Surgery of the Face set the standard for craniofacial reconstruction.,New technology,T
24、issue engineering regeneration of chin surgery(组织工程再生下巴整形)Chin augmentation,A flatness to the cheek area and a recessed chin can be enhanced by the addition of silicone implants shaped as cheekbones or shaped as the point of the chin.It should be noted that fat grafting can also used to simulate the
25、 cheekbone but is not as reliable an approach for cheek augmentation as is the use of silicone.In addition,recessed chin problems are a reflection sometimes of an underlying dental malocclusion problem that is better suited to a jaw repositioning operation then a silicone implant However,for the pur
26、poses of this section only the surgical implant approach will be discussed as possible solutions for augmenting the cheeks and chin.,Autogenous fat breasts 自体脂肪丰胸,Autologous fat now works well enough as a breast augmentation that the answer is now“yes”,says Robert W.Alexander,MD,DMD,in private pract
27、ice in Lynwood,WA,and holds a faculty appointment in the Department of Surgery,University of Texas Health Science Center,San Antonio,TX.,Face-Off:Botox Vs.Dysport.,肉毒杆菌毒素,丽舒拓,Like Kleenex and Band-Aid,Botox is a brand name thats become indistinguishable from the product.But in a new randomized study
28、,Botoxs newer competitor,Dysport,appeared to have the edge in smoothing wrinkles.Botox(onabotulinumtoxinA)was approved by the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)to treat frown lines those pesky wrinkles between the eyebrows in 2002.In 2009,a competitor,Dysport(abobotulinumtoxinA)was approved for the s
29、ame use.Both drugs have also been approved for other cosmetic and medical uses,and doctors administer them widely to smooth wrinkles even in areas they havent been specifically approved to treat,namely around the outer corner of the eyes.,The new study aimed to figure out which product worked better
30、 to improve the appearance of such creases,known as crows feet the wrinkles that fan out when you smile,laugh or squint.Researchers from the Maas Clinic in San Francisco and University of California,San Francisco,enrolled 90 people for a split face study in which doctors randomly injected Botox into
31、 one side of the face and Dysport into the other.,Using a five-point scale,the researchers then evaluated results on both sides of the participants faces;the patients themselves were also asked to indicate which side they preferred.According to the researchers measure,Dysport improved the appearance
32、 of crows feet significantly better than Botox did.At the 30-day mark,about two-thirds of participants said they also favored the side that had been treated with Dysport.But the difference was seen only when users contracted their facial muscles as much as possible.There was no difference in appeara
33、nce when faces were at rest.,The tragic death of celebrity Wang Bei has made people aware of the risks of cosmetic surgery,which is becoming increasingly popular.,Denny Chen,a 27-year-old Beijing hairdresser,dropped his plans for vision-correcting laser surgery because of the news.Im afraid the same
34、 thing might happen to me,so Ive decided to forget the surgery,he says.,It seems the aspiring singer Wang Bei has finally achieved the fame and influence that eluded（逃避）her during her lifetime.,A common thread of online discussion is why someone considered beautiful was so dissatisfied with her look
35、s.Some netizens said Wang was a victim of societys unrealistic ideal of beauty:double eyelids,an aquiline（鹰钩）nose and the pointed chin typical of Western celebrities.Others said her death underscores the limits to which people will go to achieve fame and fortune.,Wangs death highlights the fact that
36、 cosmetic surgery has become one of Chinas biggest beauty secrets.Last year an estimated 15 billion yuan($2.2 billion)was spent on cosmetic surgery and the figure is expected to rise 20 percent annually,a China Central Television report concluded.,The US-based International Society of Aesthetic Plas
37、tic Surgery ranks China first in Asia in terms of the number of procedures performed in 2009.Worldwide,China is third,after Brazil,while the United States is first.,As the wealthy and middle-class segments of the Chinese population expand-and as celebrity culture takes an even firmer hold-people are
38、 becoming more conscious of their looks and are willing to go to great lengths to enhance them.,Meanwhile,Young people see cosmetic surgery as the key to wealth and love.They want to improve their appearance to find better opportunities at work and in marriage,says Ding Xiaobang,a plastic surgeon wi
39、th the Peking Union Medical College Hospital.,Were living in a highly competitive society.People regard appearance as a weapon and a means of empowerment.Most of them tell me,I dont care how much I spend,just make me look beautiful.,Meanwhile,experts say,young and beautiful people who still seek pla
40、stic surgery need to address their self-awareness issues and be more accepting.,Theyve built their identity around the admiration of others and fail to establish a system to assess themselves,says Zhu Wenbo,a psychologist with Blue Bay Psychological Consulting Center in Chengdu.“Peoples opinions alw
41、ays change,so this is not a reliable way to evaluate oneself.,Our view,Firstly,beauty is only skin-deep,as the saying goes,virtue is more important than appearance.Plastic surgery cannot improve ones character.Who do you think is more popular,an ordinary girl with charming personality,or a beautiful
42、 girl with arrogant manner?Secondly,success relies on ones abilities but not appearance.Some people,especially young girls dream to find a good job after taking plastic surgery.For example,it takes one at least 30,000 Yuan to have double eyelid.Fourthly,people have to bear the risks of an unsuccessful surgery which will be a lifelong pain.,In a nutshell,it is not advisable for people to take plastic surgeries.We can get what we want by improving our inner qualities,such as our personality and ability,and there is no need to endure the pains and economic loss of a plastic surgery.,Thank you,
