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1、,American Civil War,Causes Of The American Civil War,The South,which was known as the Confederate States of America,seceded from the North,which was also known as the Union,for many different reasons.The reason they wanted to succeed was because there was four decades of great sectional conflict bet
2、ween the two.Between the North and South there were deep economic,social,and political differences.The South wanted to become an independent nation.There were many reasons why the South wanted to succeed but the main reason had to do with the Norths view on slavery.All of this was basically a differ
3、ent interpretation of the United States Constitution on both sides.In the end all of these disagreements on both sides led to the Civil War,in which the North won.,Before the civil war,the United States is made of four areas:1.Northeast(the New Zealand)the growth of industrial,commercial and populat
4、ion density;2.Northwest(Midwest today)free farmers here developed quickly,Northwest Ordinance grant here has no slavery;3.the Upper South-reclamation farm,but part of there economic declined;4.Southwest-economic zone of cotton are quickly developed.,在内战前夕，美国是由四个截然不同的区域组成的国家：东北部（即今新英格兰）成长中的工业与商业及相应之人
5、口密度增长；西北部（即今中西部Midwest）自由农民于此迅速发展，拜西北条例(Northwest Ordinance)之赐此处永无奴隶制度；上南方(the Upper South)垦殖农场，但部份区域经济衰退；西南方雨后春笋般蓬勃发展的棉花经济区。,The conflict between north and southAlthough Lincoln,whom from the northern republicans,was not the advocate of liberating the slaves,he thought slavery was inhumanity,and he
6、 opposed expanding slavery.But the South,which always with slaves to develop its industry,felt strongly opposed.In 1860,Abraham Lincoln was elected President,and he mentioned in the platform which is protecting tariff and The Homestead Act greatly harmed the interests of southern slave owner.Two mon
7、ths later,the southern government started to rebel,the northern government had to accept the battle,the civil war began to erupted.,南北对立与冲突来自美国北方的共和党人林肯虽然不是解放黑奴的倡言者，但他认为蓄奴不人道，反对扩大蓄奴，而一向以奴隶来发展产业的南方对此感到强烈反对。1860年，林肯当选总统，而林肯在政纲中提及的保护关税及宅地法大大削弱了南方奴隶主的利益。两个月后，南方政府开始发动武装起事，北方政府被逼应战，南北战争开始爆发。,东部战场 18611863
8、西线战场18611864泛密西西比战场 18611865,Eastern battlefield 1861-1863Western battlefield 1861-1864Mississippi battlefield 1861-1865,The best evidence of the changes that had occurred in warfare from Jomini to Clausewitz can be found in the campaigns of Robert E.Lee and Ulysses S.Grant.The latter was born Hiram
9、 Ulysses Grant in Ohio but through confusion at West Point he became Ulysses Simpson Grant.Appointed to the military academy,he found it distasteful and hoped that Congress would abolish the institution,freeing him.He excelled only in horsemanship for that he had displayed a capability early in life
10、 and graduated in 1843,2lst out of 39 graduates.Posted to the 4th Infantry,since there were no vacancies in the dragoons,he served as regimental quartermaster during most of the Mexican War.Nonetheless he frequently led a company in combat under Zachary Taylor in northern Mexico。,When the civil war
11、broken out,grant joined the army as reserve duty and then,he was awarded the captain rank.In September 1861,grant was quickly promoted for brigadier general.His first important battle was the strike to bell MengNa army which was in Missouri.Grants first great victory came from his besiege to Fort He
12、nry and Fort Donelson.On Februry 1862,he ueberrollened these important foothold in Mississippi River.During the siege,follow the practice of war,the South Army was put forward a proposal that whether they could have a short truce,but grant has answered:“No terms except an unconditional and immediate
13、 surrender can be accepted.”Thus,Grant first proposed the unconditional surrender and this words began to penetrate all his behavior in the war.,当内战爆发后，格兰特被作为预备役征兆入伍并被授予了上校军衔.到了1861年9月，格兰特被迅速提拔为准将。他的首次重要战斗是对密苏里州贝尔蒙南军的突袭。格兰特第一个大的胜利，来自他对亨利要塞（Fort Henry）和道格拉斯要塞（Fort Donelson）围攻的成功，在1862年2月他先后攻下了这两个在密西西
14、比流域的重要据点。在围攻期间，南军曾按当时战争惯例提出过短时间休战的要求，而格兰特却回答道：“No terms except an unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted.”格兰特就此第一次在内战中提出了“无条件投降”的说法，这个名词开始贯穿他之后的战争中的所有行为。,Robert e.lee,Lees family is the most long and glorious family in the history of America.The member who was the first setting foot o
15、n the land of America is Thomas Lee,which is the founder of Ohio Company,as The traditional British aristocracy,he was the member of The governing Council of the Colony and the governor of Virginia.,李的家族是美国历史上最为悠久和显赫的家族之一。最早踏上美洲土地的李氏家族的成员是托马斯-李（Thomas Lee），其为俄亥俄公司的创始人，作为传统的英国贵族曾是殖民地最高会议（The governin
16、g Council of the colony）的成员和弗杰尼亚州的州长。,Personally,Lee is a complete humanitarian.Though he is a soldier whose career is killing people,Lee felt guilty for himself as a soldier.To the slavery,he had the same opinion.Based on his moral concepts,he combated slavery.According to the words said by himself
17、,slavery is“A moral and political evil”and“A greater evil to the white”.Lee had a unique perspective to the relationship between the central government and local issues.He wrote in his diary that,America should be a unity,there is no so-called north,south,east or west.,就李个人而言，他是个彻底的人道主义者，虽然他是个以杀戮为职业
18、的军人，李终其一生都很为自己作为军人而觉得内疚。对于奴隶制度，他的看法同样如此，基于自己的道德理念，历来反对蓄奴。按李自己的话来说蓄奴制度是一种“道德和政治上罪恶”（A moral and political evil），“白人的一项巨大罪恶”（A greater evil to the white）。李对于中央政府和地方的关系上的问题，他同样是有着很独特的看法。他曾在自己的日记中写到“美国应该是一个团结的整体，没有什么所谓的北方，南方，西部又或是东部。”,Relative to Lees command capability,maybe his noble character makes p
19、eople miss him more.Today,he is still the most admired soldier throughout the United States.Every year his birthday was defined as the legal anniversary in every southern states.The primary schools,secondary schools and universities he named are around the world.Every year on his dying day there wil
20、l have thousands of flowers on his grave.,相对于李的指挥才能，也许他的高尚的品格才更让人们怀念他。时至今日，他仍是南方乃至全美国最受崇敬的军人。每年他的生日都被定为南方各州的法定纪念日。以他命名的小学，中学乃至大学遍布各地。每年他的忌日在他墓前都会堆满数以千计的鲜花。,After the civil war,Lee made the choice of being the President of Washington university in Virginia.He said:“Becouse of the ignorance and misund
21、erstandings,we carnaged each other,and I am use to one of the decapitator.Now,only the education can give me a chance to redemption.,内战后，李选择担任了弗杰尼亚华盛顿大学的校长。他曾说：“我们就是曾经由于无知和误解，血腥地互相仇杀，而我也是其中的刽子手之一。如今，也唯有教育能给我一个赎罪的机会。”,菲利普亨利谢里丹（PHILIP HENRY SHERIDAN）,As a soldier,Sheridan is very excellent.He had a st
22、rong courage,when he faced the enemy,he was still calm and have a active attack.He is different from the most general,Sheridan is flexible,not attached to the the invalid attack or defending against somewhere.He is also very good at use some little tricks to confuse the opponents,then assault their
23、weakness.During the civil war Sheridan is the first-rate cavalry general in both north and south.,作为一名军人，谢里丹是很优秀的。其有着过人的胆量，在面对优势敌军时，仍然能够冷静地加以对抗，乃至主动发起进攻。和内战时期大多数将领不同，谢里丹是那种比较善于灵活变通的指挥官，不会执着于无效的攻击或是死守某处。同样也极为善于用些小花招迷惑对手，然后出奇不意地突击对手的致命弱点。谢里丹也是内战期间南北双方中第一流的骑兵将领.,詹姆斯蒋斯顿帕特格瑞（JAMES JOHNSTON PETTIGREW）,JAM
24、ES JOHNSTON PETTIGREW,a general in north Carolina,and you may never heard about him.However,he has become the real heroes in the battle of Cover di fort.Pettigrews military experience as short as a meteor,and had nothing commendable achievement to admire,but his demeanour reflected a real military c
25、haracter.General Lee wrote to him that way,“As a general,he had never entered the West Gate,this is not his regret but the West Gates sorrow forever.God bless the noble gentleman.,詹姆斯蒋斯顿帕特格瑞（JAMES JOHNSTON PETTIGREW）准将，在北卡罗纳拉外很少能听闻的一位军人。然而他却成为了盖蒂斯堡战役中真正的英雄。帕特格瑞的军旅经历如同流星般的短暂，也没有什么太值得称道的丰功伟绩，但是在他的身上却体
26、现一种真正军人的品格。李将军为他写的悼词，这样道，“作为一名将军，他从没有跨入过西点大门，这不是他的遗憾而是西点永远的悲哀。上帝保佑高尚的绅士。”,Lees closest friend,longstreet,In October1861,after the civil war had broken out,because of the love to hometown,longstreet joined the South and promoted from the captain to the general,belong to the south.Before he became a g
27、eneral,he had joined the Blackburns Ford battle and Bull Run battle as a brigade commander and both got the highly evaluation.With his usual character instead,When longstreet was in a battle,he was often very carefully and cool-headed,he could keep a clear mind when the battle was very chaos.Even ge
28、neral Lee could not compared with him.,1861年10月内战爆发后，朗斯特由于对于家乡的热爱加入了南方，军衔被从上校提为少将,归属于南方第一军。在成为少将之前，曾作为旅指挥官参加了布莱克波弗德（Blackburns Ford）战役和第一次公牛跑战役（Bull Run），均取得了极高的评价。显示出了极高的炮兵布置和步兵战术的素养。与他平日的性格相反，朗斯特作战时往往显得十分谨慎和沉着，往往能在战斗最混乱的时候保持住清醒的头脑。这一点连李将军都自叹不如.,The significance of the American civil war,American c
29、ivil war is the second bourgeois revolution in the history of the United States.It maintained the national unity,abolished the slavery system,further cleared the obstacle of the development of capitalism.It paved the road for American capitalism economy take-off.However,the civil war did not complet
30、ely eliminate racial discrimination,blacks are still not be treat equally.,美国内战的意义,美国内战是美国历史上的第二次资产阶级革命，它维护了国家统一，废除了农奴制度，进一步扫除了资本主义发展的障碍，为美国资本主义经济的起飞铺平了道路。但是，内战并没有彻底消除种族歧视，黑人仍然受到不平等的待遇。,Movies,乱世佳人Gone with the Wind 冷山Cold Mountain 战役风云Gods and Generals 盖茨堡之役（英文原著天使杀手）光荣战役 Glory 南北军魂 与魔鬼共骑Ride with the Devil 众神与将军Gods and Generals(2003),Novels,飘 小妇人 汤姆叔叔的小屋,
