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1、Introduction to English Figures of Speech,Contents,1.喻类修辞 2.代类修辞3.对照并列类修辞4.声音类修辞,1.喻类修辞,1.Simile2.Metaphor3.Personification4.Transferred epithet,1.Simile(明喻),Definition:A figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another,in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image.(In dealing with simil
2、e,an additional point should be noted:the two things compared are in different kinds and are said to be similar in one respect only,and not in all ways.),1)like和as型,eg:1.The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing.2.Use a book as a bee does flowers.,2)虚拟句型,Eg:1.He was a beautifu
3、l horse that looked as though he had come out of a painting by Velasquez.(Earnest Hemingway:For Whom the Bell Tolls)2.-and the fattest woman I have ever seen in my life dozing in a straight-backed chair.It was as if a sack of grain was supported by a matchbox.,3)than 型,Eg:1.A fool can no more see hi
4、s own foolishness than he can see his ears.2.Man cannot help craving for expression any more than birds can help singing.,4)and型,Eg:1.A word and a stone let go cannot be recalled.2.Truth and roses have thorns about them.,5)动词型,Eg:1.He compares his genius to a lightening flash.2.He treats his daughte
5、r as the apple in the eye.3.Samuel Johnson regarded a dictionary as a watch.,2.Metaphor（暗喻）,Definition:A figure of speech containing an implied comparison,in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used one thing is applied to anther.,1)Nominal metaphor,Eg:1.Time is money.2.The news is a dag
6、ger to his heart.,2)Verbal metaphor,Eg:1.The electricity failure paralyzed the train service.2.Her hostility melted.,3)Adjectival metaphor,Eg:1.There is no rosy prospect for him.2.He has the microwave smile that warms another person without heat.,4)Idiomatic or proverbial metaphor,Eg:It is only a ca
7、stle in the air.,5)Condensed metaphor,Eg:1.a rain of kisses/a sea of flowers2.I fall upon the thorns of life!I bleed!,6)Dead metaphor,Eg:1.a“bottle neck”2.When they reached the foot of the mountain,they found a running brook.,3.Personification(拟人),Definition:a figure of speech that attributes human
8、qualities to animals,or gives life or personality to inanimate objects or abstract ideas.,Personification,1.Inanimate objects or abstractions are described as humanEg:Australia is so kind,just tickle her with a hoe,and she laughs with a harvest.,Personification,2.Inanimate objects or abstractions ar
9、e addressed directly as human beings.Eg:Oh,Mr.Moon,where do you go?To look at the lands of ice and snow.Oh,Mr.Moon,when do you sleep?All day,till stars begin to peep.,Definition:a figure of speech in which the epithet is transferred from the appropriate noun to modify another to which it does not re
10、ally blong.,4.Transferred epithet（移就）,transferred epithet 的两种格式：,1)修饰语+名词 eg:tragic wall;sleepless night She has expensive tastes in clothes.2)名词+of+名词 eg:The Grape of Wrath;,2.代类修辞,1.Metonomy2.Synecdoche3.Antonomasia4.Hyperbole5.Allusion6.Understatement,1.Metonomy（转喻）,Definition:a figure of speech
11、in which the name of one thing is used in place of that of another associated with or suggested by it,Metonymy,Eg:the White House the crown 1.He succeeded by the sweat of brow.2.He is too fond of the bottle.3.The pen is mightier than sword.4.Have you read Shakespeare?5.The kettle is boiling.,2.Synec
12、doche（提喻）,Definition:a figure of speech by which a part is for the whole,the whole for the part,species for genus,the genus for the species or the name of the material for the thing made,and the individual for a class.,Synecdoche:,1.a part for the whole eg:1)They were short of hands at harvest time.
13、2)I will count three hundred-thats five minutes-and not one of you is to move a muscle.,Synecdoche:,2.the whole for the part eg:1)England won the football game.2)Then the surgeon cut me open and take out the appendix and stitched me up again.,Synecdoche:,3.species for genus eg:1)He manages to earn h
14、is bread.2)Oh,the spring should vanish with the rose!That Youths sweet-scented manuscript should close!(Edward Fitzgerald),Synecdoche:,4.genus for species eg:1)The smiling season is coming.2)Oh,seeing him,the miserable creature fell upon his shoulder,sobbing and crying,and pointing to the fountain,w
15、here some women were stooping over the motionless bundle and moving gently about it.(Charles Dickens:A Tales of Two Cities),Synecdoche:,5.the name of material for the thing made eg:1)Do you have any coppers?2)The prisoner was bound in irons for ten years.,Synecdoche:,6.the individual for a class eg:
16、1)This young man is very clever;he may be another Edison.2)A Whale ship was my Yale College and my Harvard.(H.Melvill:Moby Dick),3.Antonomasia（换喻）,Definition:antonomasia is a substitution of any epithet or phrase for a proper name.,Antonomasia,Eg:the Philosopher:Aristotlethe little corporal:Napoleon
17、the author of Paradise Lost:Miltonthe Scottish play:Macbeth,4.Hyperbole（夸张）,Definition:Hyperbole is the deliberate use of overstatement.It is the name given to a gross exaggeration of the facts.,Hyperbole,Eg:Her face fell a mile.Your joke really kills me.His teeth are so yellow,every time he smiles
18、in traffic all the cars slow down to see whether they should stop or not.,5.Allusion 典故,1.寓言、神话、传说、宗教故事（尤其圣经故事）Eg:1)Unaware of the sword of Democles hanging over her,she pursued her own way.2)What will it be when the increase of yearly production is brought to a complete stop?Here is the vulnerable
19、place,the heel of Archiles,for capitalistic production.,Allusion,2.文学作品Eg:1)You want your pound of flesh,dont you?2)Even before they were acquainted,he had admired him in secret.Now he was his valet,his dog,his man Friday.,Allusion,3.历史事件和历史人物Eg:1)I never believe until then that any meal could defea
20、t me,but on that day I met my Waterloo.2)Prime Minister Inira Gandhi decided to go heavy-handed from the outset-This crisis would never grow into an Indian Watergate.,litotes(简介肯定),Definition:a figure of speech in which something is expressed by a negation of the contrary.Eg:“no small”for“many”“not
21、a few regrets”for“many regrets”“not bad”for“good”“no small dimension”for“great task”,understatement(低调陈述),1.反说代替正说（同litotes）2.使用分量不足或低调的词语 Eg:1)“Money,”she says,“is kind of tight.But I can manage.”2)Last week I saw a woman flayed,and you will hardly believe how much it altered her person for the wor
22、se.(Johnathan Swift)3.弦外之音 Eg:-Do you think all the programs are good?-Some of the programs are interesting.But others could be better.,汉语中的夸张（缩小）,说其清朝的学术来，有及位学者总是眉飞色舞的，说那发达是前代所未有的。-我每遇到学者谈起清代的学术来，总不免同时想：“扬州十日”，“嘉定三屠”这些小事情，不提也罢，但失去全国的土地，大家十足做了二百五十年奴隶，却换来得这几页光荣的学术史，这买卖，究竟是赚了咧，还是折了本呢？鲁迅：算账,3.并列对照类修辞,1
23、.Parallelism2.Antithesis3.Paradox4.Oxymoron,1.Parallelism（排比）,1)词的平行结构Eg:1.Bob is a hard hitter,a sure fielder and swift runner.2.Women were running out to the line of march,crying and laughing and kissing the men good-bye.,Parallelism,2)短语的平行结构Eg:1.It was not anger,nor surprise,nor disapproval,nor
24、any of the emotions that she had been prepared for.2.It is not wealth one asks for,but just enough to preserve ones dignity,to work unhampered,to be generous,frank,and independent.,Parallelism,3.从句平行结构Eg:The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labor,had it been early,had been kind;but i
25、t has been delayed till I am indifferent,and cannot enjoy it;till I am solitary,and cannot impart it;till I am known,and do not want it.,Parallelism,3.句子平行结构Eg:Kind hearts are the gardens;kind thoughts are the roots;kind words are the flowers;kind deeds are the fruits.,2.Antithesis（对照）,features:cont
26、rasting ideas and parallel arrangements of words,clauses and sentences,Antithesis,Eg:1.One hundred years later,the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.2.Knowledge makes humble,and ignorance makes proud.,Antithesis,3.And so,my fellow American,
27、ask not what your country can do for you,ask what you can do for your country.4.A miser grows rich by seeming poor.An extravagant man grows poor by seeming rich.,3.Paradox（矛盾）,Definition:a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory,absu
28、rd or contrary to established fact or practice,but which on further thinking and study,may prove to be true,well-found,and even to contain a succinct point.,Paradox,Eg:1)make a way out of no way2)War is peace.Freedom is slavery.Ignorance is strength.(George Orwell:1984)3)The child is father of the m
29、an.,4.Oxymoron(矛盾修饰),Definition:A figure of speech which combines incongruous and apparently contradictory words and meaning for a special effect.,Oxymoron,1.adj.+n.Eg:painful pleasure tearful joy careful carelessness a thunderous silence,Oxymoron,2.adj.+adj.Eg:cruel sweet love bitter-sweet memory b
30、ad good news,Oxymoron,3.adv.+adj.Eg:falsely true a mercifully fatal blow politely wrong,Oxymoron,4.n.+n.Eg:love-hate relationship life-death battle,Oxymoron,5.other formsEg:changlessly changing hasten slowly misers generosity,4.声音类修辞,1.Alliteration2.Onomatopoeia,1.Alliteration（头韵）,Definition:the use
31、 of words beginning with the same letter or sound.,Alliteration,Eg:1.Spare the rod,and spoil the child.2.Money makes the mare go.3.Pride and Prejudice;Sense and Sensibility,2.Onomatopoeia（拟声）,Definition:a rhetorical device that relies on sound for effect.The word employed imitates the sound made by
32、a person,an animal,an object or an action or movement.,Onomatopoeia,“bleat”“yap”“meow”are imitative of the cries of goats,dogs and cats.“bang”“boom”“clatter”made by doors,guns and hoofs.How the pretty ladies talk Tittle tattle,tittle tattle!Like their patters when they walk Pittle Pattle,pittle patt
33、le.(by Erasmus Darwin),5.双关类修辞,1.Irony2.Sarcasm,Irony(反语),Definition:Irony is“the dry mock”,a device of speaking or writing in which the meaning literally expressed is the opposite of the meaning intended and which aims at ridicule,humor or sarcasm.,Irony(反语),1.Slowly the old lady stooped to pick it
34、 up.Her present,her lovely present.With trembling fingers she tore it into little bits.2.He was such a marvelous teacher that whenever he recognized a spark of genius you could be sure hed water it.,Sarcasm(讽刺),Sarcasm is the use of a scornful,taunting,contemptuous expression to ridicule and wound t
35、he feelings of the subject attacked.It is the use of remarks which clearly mean the opposite of what they say,and which are made in order to hurt someones feelings or to criticize something in an amusing way.Sarcasm is from the Greek meaning“to tear flesh”,“to speak bitterly”.It may or may not be co
36、upled with irony.Ironic sarcasm is often apparent praise that really condemns.,Sarcasm(讽刺),1.In a group they are brave.2.The weatherman said it would be warm.He must take his reading in a bathroom.3.I hear he makes rather long speeches.Yes,he likes to hear his own voice.,6.仿拟类修辞,Parody,Parody(仿拟),De
37、finition:Literary or musical composition imitating the characteristic style of some other work of a writer or composer,but treating a serious subject in a nonsensical manner,as in ridicule.,Parody(仿拟),1.更换词语A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.A friend in need is a friend indeed.A word in time
38、 saves nine.A stitch in time saves nine.Home is where the computer is.Home is where the heart is.A womans place is in the House.A womans place is in the house.,Parody(仿拟),2.改变句子的结构He thought of his past,its cold splendor and insouciance.But he knew that for him there was no turning.His boats were bu
39、rnt.“Bennies their son,”said Henry.“Like son,like father,I imagine,”said Bonnefois.,Parody(仿拟),3.模仿全篇Twinkle,twinkle,little bat!How I wonder what youre at!Upon above the world you fly!Like a tea tray in the sky!,7.颠倒类修辞,Chiasmus,Chiasmus,字母回文：1)Madam,Im Adam.Sir,Im Iris.2)Able was I ere I saw Elba.3
40、)Was it a cat I saw?No,Miss,it is Simon.单词回文：1)So patient a doctor,to doctor a patient so.2)You can cage a swallow,cant you?But you cant swallow a cage,can you?,Chiasmus:,Night,whispering to morning,said:“Have we death?Is life unlimited by prolonged persistence?”“Birds have nest,as absurdity Made ne
41、w for long life,”Said morning.Morning said:“Life longs for new-made Absurdity,as nests have birds-Persistence prolonged by Unlimited life is death”;we have said Morning to whispering Night.-Roger Scruton,汉语回文欣赏：,题金山寺 潮随暗浪雪山倾，远浦渔舟钓明月。桥对寺门松径小，槛当泉眼石波清。迢迢绿树江天晓，霭霭红霞晚日晴。遥望四边云接水，碧峰千点数鸥轻。-苏轼,8.强调类修辞,1.Rheto
42、rical question2.Anaphora,Rhetorical question,Definition:Rhetorical question is a device used purely for emphasis in a speech,particularly in argumentation.In most cases,the speaker does not want a reply.Only in some cases the speaker asks his question and then answers it himself.Do you want to betra
43、y your best friend?(by Thomas Hardy),Anaphora,Definition:Anaphora is the repetition of a word or word-group at the beginning of clauses,sentences,paragraphs,or verses.Skillful speakers or writers employ this device to evoke feelings and emotions of their audience and readers.Last night Japanese forces attacked HongKong.Last night Japanese forces attacked Guam.Last night Japanese forces attacked Philippine Islands.Last night Japanese forces attacked Wake Island.(by Franklin Roosevelt),
