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1、前 言加工中心是一种带有刀库和自动换刀装置的数控机床。它具有较好的加工一致性，并且能排除工艺过程中人为干扰，从而提高了加工精度和加工效率，缩短生产周期。研究加工中心主轴控制是机床的维护、维修、改造和操作必不可少的步骤。本文主要分析研究了主轴系统的技术需求，对达到加工中心主轴功能要求进行了控制方案的认证，阐述了主轴的控制、主轴的调试过程、主轴电机的选型以及关于主轴的故障案例分析。其中主轴的控制里介绍了主轴的正反转、定向准停等。另外还在本文章里介绍了主轴的软件如：PLC梯形图、电气原理图等，并且基于FANUC 0i Mate-C进行VMC750加工中心主轴控制的硬件设计，提供了相关的软件参数和顺序
2、动作控制的PLC梯形图，并且对该主轴系统进行了调试分析。一、 加工中心主轴控制需求分析数控机床与普通机床一样，有主运动及进给运动。相应地，存在着主传动链及进给传动链。由于数控机床的高自动化及高精度，对主运动提出了更高的要求：1转速高，功率大：数控机床对工件能完成大切削用量的粗加工及高速旋转下的精加工。粗加工时，扭矩大；精加工时，转速高。而数控机床的功率P=TN，无论是T大，还是N大，都会使得功率大。2变速范围宽，且能实现无级变速：满足不同的加工要求，就要有不同的加工速度。由于数控机床的加工通常在自动的情况下进行，尽量减少人的参与，因而要求能够实现无级变速。3实现恒切削速度加工：在加工端面时，为
3、了保证端面稳定的加工质量，要求工件端面的各部位能保持恒定的线切削速度。设：主轴的恒定的旋转速度为N，线速度V=ND，即随着直径的减少，V也在减少，为了获得稳定的线速度，随着加工的进行，通过调节主轴的转速N使得保持恒定的线切削速度。4主传动链尽可能短：传动链越短，则累积误差越小。5实现刀具的快速或自动装卸：主运动是刀具旋转运动的数控机床，由于机床可以进行多工序加工，工序变换是时刀具也要更换，因此要求能够自动换刀。为满足数控机床对主轴驱动的要求，主轴电动机应具备以下性能：1)电动机功率要大，且在大的调整范围内速度要稳定，恒功率调速范围宽。2)在断续负载下电动机转速波动要小。3)减速时间短。4)噪声
4、小、振动小、可靠性高，寿命长。5)电动机过载能力强。二、加工中心主轴控制系统的设计本文主要分析研究了主轴系统的技术需求，对达到加工中心主轴功能要求进行了控制方案的认证，设计了电气原理图。电气原理图是电气安装、施工、维修生产性文件。2.1 加工中心主轴控制电气原理图电气原理图是实施电气安装的文件，关于主轴控制的电气原理图本此毕业设计着重的介绍了主轴的驱动、主轴的松刀与夹紧、主轴的正反转等。2.1.1 主轴驱动放大器连接图主轴放大器基本功能和原理，见图2-1图2-1 2.1.2 主轴松刀PLC接口图 见图2-2 图2-22.2 加工中心主轴参数设置CNC侧的参数主要有：P3706.6和P3706.
5、7：主轴电机速度指令输出极性；P3706.0=0和P3706.1=0：脉冲编码器和主轴间的变速比；P3705.1=1：SOR信号用于齿轮换档；P3705.2=1：齿轮换档方法用方法B（方法B是指用参数P3751和P3752设定各档换档点的主轴速度）；P3751=3037：从齿轮1切换至齿轮2时的主轴电机速度，单位：脉冲单位；P3752=3412：从齿轮2切换至齿轮3时的主轴电机速度，单位：脉冲单位；按下式设定：齿轮换档时的主轴电机速度设定值= 4095最大主轴电机转速 因机床第一档切换速度为899rpm，传递比为4.95，因此：P3751=（8994.95/6000）4095=3037机床主轴
6、设计转速为205000 rpm，因此：P3752=（50001/6000）4095=3412P3735=60（对应于主轴最小速度20 rpm）：主轴电机最小钳制速度，单位：脉冲单位；P3736=3412（对应于主轴最大速度5000 rpm）：主轴电机最大钳制速度，单位：脉冲单位；按下式设定： 主轴电机最小/最大钳制速度设定值= 4095 最大主轴电机速度P3732=55：主轴齿轮换档的主轴电机速度，单位：脉冲单位；按下式设定： 主轴齿轮换档期间的主轴电机速度设定值= 16383 最大主轴电机速度假定主轴齿轮换档期间的主轴电机速度为20 rpm，因此；P3732= （20/6000）16383=
7、55串行主轴控制单元的参数为40004351。P4022=150：速度到达检测水平（检测SARA信号）；P4023=30：速度检测水平（检测SDTA信号）；P4024=75：零速检测水平（检测SSTA信号）。这些参数之间的关系如图3-3，注意分清参数中设定的是主轴速度（指令）还是主轴电机速度。图2-3齿轮换档主轴电机速度主轴定向:使主轴能停留杂某个固定位置（主轴准停），M19为了保证刀具能准确地在主轴和刀库之间交换，必须使用主轴准停功能。准停命令信号（ORCMA）：该命令信号用于把主轴停止某一预定位置，以允许换刀；主轴转时，该信号被指定为“1”时，主轴立即减速，主轴停在预定位置；发出定向命令O
8、RCMA时，为安全起见，SFRA，SRVA设为“0”，这样，即使换刀过程中，ORCMA=0，主轴也不会转。准停完成信号（ORARA）：准停命令输入后，并且主轴已停止在预定位置附近（+10之内），则ORARA=1；“固定位置附近”在参数P4075（准停完成信号检测水平）中设定；如果准停命令发出后，在设定的一段时间（如2秒）里，ORARA不能发出，则被认为不正常，准停参数有：P4075=20：准停完成信号检测水平；P4077：准停偏移量（如果定向停止位置不准，将会损坏换刀装置，可通过该参数对主轴定向位置进行精调）。2.3加工中心主轴PLC梯形图设计PLC梯形图作为主轴控制的一个重要环节，在本次设计
9、中着重的介绍了主轴的正反转、准停、手动控制与松刀、紧刀。具体包含主轴正反转控制、准停控制等。（1） 正反转及停止梯形图主轴正转信号输入主轴正转命令信号主轴正转完成信号主轴反转信号输入主轴反转命令信号主轴反转完成信号主轴正，反转信号主轴停止输入信号出错信号（2）主轴定向准停的梯形图首先通过M代码译码M19到R11.0定向主令信号主轴定位主轴正转（3）主轴松刀机械夹紧输出阀主轴松刀结束主轴夹紧结束M代码完成信号三、 加工中心主轴调试实施过程主轴的调试是确保机床的主轴能否正常的运行，检验机床的运行和主轴控制是否达到机床功能的要求。下面具体针对主轴刀具的夹紧、松开和主轴转速主轴准停的调试具体步骤和要求
10、：3.1 主轴刀具的夹紧、松开对照图纸,调整松刀机构中的调整环节,使得主轴处于刀具松开状态时,主轴拉杆端面至主轴端面的尺寸符合图纸要求(锥柄上拉钉端面与拉杆在松开状态下的端面距离要有0.1左右的过盈,便于松刀),然后固定好刀具夹紧、松开检测开关.3.2 主轴转速将主轴设置在低档低速上转动,观察主轴在转动过程中有无抖动,辨听主轴在转动过程中有无异常声响,逐渐升高主轴转速,如有异常, 应立即停机检查;换至高档时,由低往高直至最高速设置主轴转速,观察主轴的转动情况。3.3 主轴准停主轴准停是指主轴准确停止在圆周某一角度。典型的应用场合包括加工中心自动换刀、精镗孔等。VMC750主轴准停使用的检测元件
11、是主轴电机内装的带Z信号的传感器，电机与主轴之间直连或者通过1：1连接。调整方法如下：1）在MDI方式执行G91G49G30Z0M19；2）压下急停按钮，将刀臂电机的刹车移至刹车释放点，用套筒扳手将换刀臂摇至扣刀点；3）用手转动主轴，将主轴上的刀具驱动槽与换刀臂上驱动块对齐；4）依次按SYSTEM-诊断键，输入445，按软键SEARCH，显示诊断画面；待添加的隐藏文字内容25）将系统诊断号445的值赋予系统参数4077；6）将换刀臂摇回至刀臂原点，将刹车手动杆恢复原位；四、总结与展望毕业设计是是一次综合性、应用性和实践性较强的设计过程，我们积极努力的去完成老师的分配给我们的任务。我的毕业设计任
12、务是：VMC750立式加工中心主轴控制的设计，在设计中使我又一次对整个大学三所学过的知识进行了总结。从方案的论证到最终的设计，涉及的领域包括：数控机床，数控机床控制技术与系统，机械制图，液压与气动技术应用，专业外语等。通过大量翻阅资料，让我把三年所学有一个系统的认识。 我深刻的认识到，要想成为一名合格的技术人员只是掌握本专业的知识是远远不够的，我们应该具备更多的技能，如应该对计算机应用，市场营销，外语交流等各个方面能力。 通过本文以上一系列的计算讨论，我们已确定了VMC750加工中心主轴控制的各个方面。本次设计得到杨清华老师的悉心指导，并提出了许多宝贵建议，在此深表感谢。由于本人的设计能力有限
13、、实践经验不足及专业知识不足，本设计中错误、不妥之处在所难免，敬请各位老师批评、指正。致 谢在这段时间中，让我学到了许多知识，这次是我们在学校的最后一次学习的机会，很感谢学校和在校各位老师的帮助和支持。现在我们即将踏入社会，这次设计的机会对我们来说是一次难得的机会，不仅让我们学到很多知识，并使以前所学的知识得到了温习。本次设计中得到了江苏城市职业学院（常州）的杨清华等老师的指导，以及江苏城市职业学院（常州）07级数控设备应用及维护专业班同学的帮助，在此声明并予以感谢。这次设计为我们以后踏入社会打下了基础，在这次设计中也很感谢所有老师对我们的帮助和所提供的所有有关资料。参考文献1 龚仲华.数控技
14、术.北京：机械工业出版社，20042 文怀兴数控铣床设计.北京：化学工业出版社，20063 刘建功.SIEMENS SINUMERIK 802Se/Ce 数控系统培训教材，常州机电职业技术学院，4 陈蔚芳，王宏涛.机床数控技术及应用.北京：科学出版社，20055 廉国元，加工中心设计与应用.北京：机械工业出版社，19956 李雪梅，数控机床.北京：电子工业出版社，20057 姜德希，王正伟，刘朴等.机床电气线路图册（下册）.第1版.北京：中国农业机械出版社，19858 李诚人等.机床计算机数控.第1版.西安：西北工业大学出版社.19889 FANUC-0I数控系统调试说明书 西门子10 FAN
15、UC-0I数控系统调试说明书 西门子11 数控机床故障诊断与维修 学院自编 刘江主编12 数控机床故障诊断与维修500例 邮电出版社 龚中华主编13 数控机床故障诊断与维修 机械工业出版社 刘永久主编Emloyment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees. You may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if: you dont agree with the disciplinary action your employer has tak
16、en against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly. For more informu, take advice from one of the organisations listed underFurther help. Employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give
17、 evidence under an oath or affirmation. Most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. If you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed underFurther help. ation about dismissal and unfai
18、r dismissal, seeDismissal. You can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haventappealedagainst the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. However, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal. Reme
19、mber that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. If your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept i. If you are worried about how the time limit
20、s apply to you If you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. This is known as adamages-based agreement. In England and Wales, your solicitor cant charge you more than 35% of you
21、r compensation if you win the case.youre clear about the terms of the agreement. It might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a Citizens Advice Bureau. To find your nearest CAB, including those that give advice by e-mail, click onnearest CAB.For more information about
22、making a claim to an employment tribunal, seeEmployment tribunals.The (lack of) air up there Watch m Cay man Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on
23、 Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Ya ya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans du
24、ringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of C
25、SKA.Age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. May be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; May be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly.
26、Always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. Twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it.一字开头的年龄已经到了尾声。或许是愧疚于自己似乎把转瞬即逝的很多个不同的日子过成了同一天的样子；或许是追溯过去，对自己那些近乎偏执的怪异信念的醒悟，这些天以来，思绪一直很凌乱，在脑海中不断纠缠。总觉得自己似乎应该去做点什么，或者写点什么。二十年的人生轨迹深深浅浅，突然就感觉到有些事情，非做不可了。The e
27、nd of our life, and can meet many things really do?而穷尽我们的一生，又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可？During my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for New Year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; Junior high school, thought to have a crush on ju
28、st means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isnt really grow up, it seems is not so important; Then in high school, think dont want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a
29、 period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already cant remember his appearance.童年时，觉得压岁钱和新衣服是过年必备，但是随着年龄的推进，会越来越发现，那些东西根本就可有可无；初中时，以为要有一场暗恋才意味着
30、真正的成长，但三年过去后，自己心平气和的写同学录的时候，突然就发现是不是真正的成长了，好像并没有那么重要了；然后到了高中，觉得非要吐露出自己的心声才能为高中生涯里的懵懂情愫划上一个句点，但毕业晚会的时候最终还是被梗塞在了咽喉，后来再次站在他曾经挥汗如雨的球场，看着他投过篮球的球框时，突然间发现自己已经想不起他的容颜。Originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.原来，这个世界上，对某个事件能产生化学反应的，除
31、了非做不可的坚决，还有，时间。A persons time, your ideas are always special to clear. Want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. Also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. Dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a
32、lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. Those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一个人的时候，自己的想法总是特别地清晰。想要的，不想要的，界限明确，好像没有什么可以撼动自己。也曾经好像已经下定了决心去做某件事，但更多的时候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌恶过自己的怯懦，最终却发现有很多缘分，有很多错过，好像冥冥之中真的已经注定。那些曾经所谓的非做不可，只是青葱年华里自己给自己注射
33、的一支强心剂，或者说，是自以为是的精神寄托罢了。At the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. Suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; Those were broken into various shapes of stationery; From the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; Have declared the end of the encounter that havent start
34、planning. Those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.此刻，天空是阴暗的，空气里有着刚下过雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件蓝格子衬衫；那些被折成各种各样形状的信纸；那段从街角深巷伊始的友谊；还有那场还没有开始就宣告了终结的邂逅计划那些年那些天的非做不可，终于和青春一样，都将在我们的人生中谢幕。Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. St
35、arting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher
36、 than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence. We often close ourselv
37、es off when traumatic events happen in our lives; instead of letting the world soften us, we let it drive us deeper into ourselves. We try to deflect the hurt and pain by pretending it doesnt exist, but although we can try this all we want, in the end, we cant hide from ourselves. We need to learn t
38、o open our hearts to the potentials of life and let the world soften us.生活发生不幸时，我们常常会关上心门；世界不仅没能慰藉我们，反倒使我们更加消沉。我们假装一切仿佛都不曾发生，以此试图忘却伤痛，可就算隐藏得再好，最终也还是骗不了自己。既然如此，何不尝试打开心门，拥抱生活中的各种可能，让世界感化我们呢？Whenever we start to let our fears and seriousness get the best of us, we should take a step back and re-evaluat
39、e our behavior. The items listed below are six ways you can open your heart more fully and completely.当恐惧与焦虑来袭时，我们应该退后一步，重新反思自己的言行。下面六个方法有助于你更完满透彻地敞开心扉。Whenever a painful situation arises in your life, try to embrace it instead of running away or trying to mask the hurt. When the sadness strikes, ta
40、ke a deep breath and lean into it. When we run away from sadness thats unfolding in our lives, it gets stronger and more real. We take an emotion thats fleeting and make it a solid event, instead of something that passes through us.当生活中出现痛苦的事情时，别再逃跑或隐藏痛苦，试着拥抱它吧；当悲伤来袭时，试着深呼吸，然后直面它。如果我们一味逃避生活中的悲伤，悲伤只会
41、变得更强烈更真实悲伤原本只是稍纵即逝的情绪，我们却固执地耿耿于怀By utilizing our breath we soften our experiences. If we dam them up, our lives will stagnate, but when we keep them flowing, we allow more newness and greater experiences to blossom.深呼吸能减缓我们的感受。屏住呼吸，生活停滞；呼出呼吸，更多新奇与经历又将拉开序幕。2. Embrace the uncomfortable We all know wha
42、t that twinge of anxiety feels like. We know how fear feels in our bodies: the tension in our necks, the tightness in our stomachs, etc. We can practice leaning into these feelings of discomfort and let them show us where we need to go.我们都经历过焦灼的煎熬感，也都感受过恐惧造成的生理反应：脖子僵硬、胃酸翻腾。其实，我们有能力面对这些痛苦的感受，从中领悟到出路。
43、The initial impulse is to run away to try and suppress these feelings by not acknowledging them. When we do this, we close ourselves off to the parts of our lives that we need to experience most. The next time you have this feeling of being truly uncomfortable, do yourself a favor and lean into the
44、feeling. Act in spite of the fear.我们的第一反应总是逃避以为否认不安情绪的存在就能万事大吉，可这也恰好妨碍了我们经历最需要的生活体验。下次感到不安时，不管有多害怕，也请试着勇敢面对吧。3. Ask your heart what it wants倾听内心Were often confused at the next step to take, making pros and cons lists until our eyes bleed and our brains are sore. Instead of always taking this approac
45、h, what if we engaged a new part of ourselves that isnt usually involved in the decision making process?我们常对未来犹疑不定，反复考虑利弊直到身心俱疲。与其一味顾虑重重，不如从局外人的角度看待决策之事。From: The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weatheThe balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (Then, I w
46、ould assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end. Skydiver preps for the big
