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1、本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目： LoaderOverview文献、资料来源： 互联网文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2012.3.10院 （部）： 机电工程学院专 业： 机械工程及自动化班 级： 机械姓 名： 学 号： 2指导教师： 翻译日期： 2012.4.5外文文献：LoaderOverviewThe main function of the loader shovel of loose material and short-distance transport operations. It is the fastest growing engineering machinery,
2、 machine production and sales and market demand one. We usually see the largest wheel loaders, it is acrawler loaders. Crawler than it has good mobility, does not destroy the road surface, easy to operate, etc. Wheel loaders has been widely used.A loader (also known as: bucket loader, front loader,
3、front end loader, payloader, scoop loader,shovel, skip loader, and/or wheel loader) is a type of tractor, usually wheeled, sometimes on tracks, that has a front-mounted square wide bucket connected to the end of two booms (arms) to scoop up loose material from the ground, such as dirt, sand or grave
4、l, and move it from one place to another without pushing the material across the ground. A loader is commonly used to move a stockpiled material from ground level and deposit it into an awaiting dump truck or into an open trench excavation.Loaders in general by the chassis, powertrain, running gear,
5、 working device, steeringbrake, hydraulic system and operating system.The basis of the loader classification is the Society of Automotive Engineers of America (SAE) rated capacity of the bucket. The classification is based on the largest general purpose bucket offered by the manufacturer or the buck
6、et size adopted by the Contractor, whichever is the lesser.The loader assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices or toolsfor example, many can mount forks to lift heavy pallets or shipping containers, and a hydraulically opening
7、 clamshell bucket allows a loader to act as a light dozer or scraper. The bucket can also be augmented with devices like a bale grappler for handling large bales ofhayorstraw.Largeloaders, such as theKawasaki 95ZV-2,John Deere 844K,Caterpillar 950H,Volvo L120E,Case 921E, orHitachi ZW310usually have
8、only a front bucket and are calledFront Loaders, whereas small loader tractors are often also equipped with a smallbackhoeand are calledbackhoe loadersor loader backhoes orJCBs, after the company that first invented them.The largest loader in the world is LeTourneau L-2350. Currently these large loa
9、ders are in production in the Longview, Texas facility. The L-2350 uses a diesel electric propulsion system similar to that used in a locomotive. Each rubber tired wheel is driven by its own independent electric motor.Komatsu-integrated design offers the best value, reliability, and versatility. Hyd
10、raulics, powertrain, frame, and all other major components are engineered by Komatsu. You get a 18machine whose components are designed to work together for higher production, greater reliability, and more versatility. Komatsus highly productive, innovative technology, environmentally friendly machi
11、nes built for the 21st century. Loaders are used mainly for uploading materials intotrucks, laying pipe, clearing rubble, and digging. A loader is not the most efficient machine for digging as it cannot dig very deep below the level of its wheels, like abackhoecan. The capacity of a loaderbucketcan
12、be anywhere from 0.5 to 36m3depending upon the size of the machine and its application. The front loaders bucket capacity is generally much bigger than a bucket capacity of abackhoe loader.Unlike mostbulldozers, most loaders arewheeledand nottracked, althoughtrack loadersare common. They are success
13、ful where sharp edged materials in construction debris would damage rubber wheels, or where the ground is soft and muddy. Wheels provide better mobility and speed and do not damagepavedroadsas much as tracks, but provide less traction.In construction areas loaders are also used to transport building
14、 materials - such as bricks, pipe, metal bars, and digging tools - over short distances.Front loaders are commonly used toremove snowespecially from sidewalks, parking lots, and other areas too small for using snowplows and other heavy equipment. They are sometimes used as snowplows with asnowplowat
15、tachment but commonly have a bucket or snowbasket, which can also be used to load snow into the rear compartment of a snowplow or dump truck.High-tip buckets are suitable for light materials such as chip, peat and light gravel and when the bucket is emptied from a height. Loaders bucketcharacteristi
16、cs1.Bucketedgeforsuper-hardwear resistant steel plateup to 500Brinell hardnessfor long life.2.Bucketshelland sideBrinell hardnessof 400to resistabrasive wear.Installedbytheenhanced treatmentofattachmenthinge pointstoreduce Wear and tear.3.bucketcuttingbladeforresistance toabrasivewearof steel,Brinel
17、l hardnessof 500.Resistant linerinstalledinthebucketon the floorbyTheboltmay be replaced,theBrinell hardnessof 500.4.boltandthe edge ofsavingsand stagingto preventunnecessary wearofthecutting edge.5.Volvobucket toothsystemis equipped withaboltor weldtypeconnector,theBrinell hardnessof515, withbestin
18、terpolation intothedepth andthesmallerthe wear and tear.Skid-steer Loader Features 1. The round-back bucket design is stronger with no angled corners. This configuration makes it easier to fill and dump improving productivity. 2. The ROPS/FOPS structure protects and shields the operator. 3. A total
19、of four exterior lights help to illuminate any job site day or night. 4. A safety system locks lift, tilt and drive systems when the operator leaves the seat, raises the seat bar, or turns off the ignition switch. The brakes are wet-type multiple discs that require no maintenance. 5. Heavy-duty tire
20、s are standard matching the durability of the skid-steer. 6. The rugged all-welded unitized frame is constructed of .375-inch gauge steel for years of productivity. Step bushings are placed in all key pivot areas to increase strength and reduce stress. 7. A wider wheelbase provides for a smooth ride
21、 and more balance for stability with heavier loads. A 9-inch ground clearance allows easy maneuverability through mud and other terrain. 8. Hydraulic lines are protected within the loader arm. 9. Mustang features a self-leveling vertical lift. 10. The advanced hydraulic system affords longer service
22、 intervals and comes with a sight glass for quick and easy fluid level inspections. 11. A drop-down step makes it convenient to check engine and maintenance Points.This wheel loader offers two selectable engine operating modes Normal and Power. The operator can adjust the machines engine performance
23、 to match the condition requirements. This system is controlled with a dial on the right side control panel. （1）Normal Mode: provides maximum fuel efficiency for most general loading conditions.（2）Power Mode: provides maximum power output for hard digging conditions or hill climb operations. 2 Autom
24、atic Transmission with Four Mode Select System This operator controlled system allows the selection of manual shifting or three levels of automatic shifting modes (low, medium, and high). The operator can match the machines operating requirements with optimum performance efficiency. This system is c
25、ontrolled with a dial on the right side of the control panel. （1）Manual: The transmission is fixed to the gear speed and selected with the gear shift lever. （2）Auto Low: Low mode provides smooth gear shifting at low engine speeds suitable for general excavating and loading while offering reduced fue
26、l consumption.（3）Auto Medium: Medium mode provides gear shifting at mid-range engine speeds required for more aggressive conditions. （4）Auto High: High mode provides maximum rim pull and fast cycle times by shifting the transmission at high engine speeds. This mode is suitable for hill-climb and loa
27、d and carry operations.Unlike backhoes or standard tractors fitted with a front bucket, many large loaders do not use automotive steering mechanisms. Instead, they steer by a hydraulically actuated pivot point set exactly between the front and rearaxles. This is referred to as articulated steering a
28、nd allows the front axle to be solid, allowing it to carry greater weight. Articulated steering provides better maneuverability for a given wheelbase. Since the front wheels and attachment rotate on the same axis, the operator is able to steer his load in an arc after positioning the machine, which
29、can be useful. The tradeoff is that when the machine is twisted to one side and a heavy load is lifted high, it has a greater risk of turning over to the wide side.Front loaders gained popularity during the last two decades, especially in urban engineering projects and small earthmoving works.Heavy
30、equipmentmanufacturers offer a wide range of loader sizes and duties.The term loader is also used in the debris removal field to describe the boom on agrapple truck.TheIsraeliCombat Engineering Corpsuse armored Caterpillar 966 wheel loader for construction andcombat engineeringmissions in hostile te
31、rritories such as theWest Bank. They are often seen building or removing road blocks, building bases andfortificationsand starting in 2005, demolishing small houses. TheIDFadded armor plating for the loader, protecting it against rocks, stones,molotov cocktails, and light gunfire.Rio de Janeiros pol
32、ice elite squadBOPEhave recently acquired one wheel loader of military purposes to open routes and make way for the police in Rio de Janeiros slums, which are controlled, and blocked, by drug dealers.These loaders are a popular addition to tractors from 50 to 200hp. Its current drive-in form was ori
33、ginally designed and developed in 1958 by a company called Quicke.They were developed to perform a multitude of farming tasks, and are popular due to their relatively low cost (compared toTelehandler) and high versatility. Tractor loaders can be fitted with many attachments such as hydraulic grabs a
34、nd spikes to assist with bale andsilagehandling, forks forpalletwork, andbucketsfor more general farm activities.Popular additions to compact utility tractors and farm tractors areFront End Loaders, also referred to as aFEL. Compact utility tractors, also called CUTs are small tractors, typically wi
35、th 18 to 50 horsepower (37kW) and used primarily for grounds maintenance and landscape chores. There are 2 primary designs of compact tractorFELs, the traditional dogleg designed style and the curved arm style.John Deere Tractormanufactures a semi-curved loader design that does not feature the one p
36、iece curved arm, but also is not of the traditional two piece design.New Holland Agintroduced a compact loader with a one piece curved arm on its compact utility tractors, similar one piece curved arm loaders are now available on compact tractors on many brands including Case/Farmall, and some Monta
37、na and Kioti tractors.Kubotamarkets traditional loader designs on most of its compact tractors but now features a semi-curved loader design similar to the John Deere loader design on several of its small tractors.While theFront End Loaderson CUT size tractors are capable of many tasks, given their r
38、elatively small size and low capacities when compared to commercial loaders, the compact loaders can be made more useful with some simple options. AToothbaris commonly added to the front edge of a loader bucket to aid with digging. Some loaders are equipped with aquick coupler, otherwise known as aQ
39、uick Attach(QA)system, theQAsystem allows the bucket to be removed easily and other tools to be added in its place. Common additions would include a set ofPallet Forksfor lifting pallets of goods or aBale Spearfor lifting hay bales.Askid loaderis a small loader utilizing four wheels with hydraulic d
40、rive that directs power to either, or both, sides of the vehicle. Very similar in appearance and design is the track loader, which utilizes a continuous track on either side of the vehicle instead of the wheels. Since the expiration ofBobcatspatent on its quick-connect system, newer tractor models a
41、re standardizing on that popular format for front end attachments.A swing loader is a rigid frame loader with a swinging boom. The boom can swing 180 degrees or more. Swingloaders are primarily used by the railroad industry to lay rail. Like other loaders many attachments can be attached to the boom
42、 such as magnets, forks, and buckets. Smaller swingloaders are used in farming applications for loading out. A swinging boom is advantageous where space is limited. The loader is able to lift on all sides and dump off on all sides. At present, foreign multi-functional logistics equipment and related
43、 technologies are increasingly improved, and development series, large-scale, miniaturization, multi-purpose and other direction.Internationally renowned manufacturers (such as Lynx, Case, Caterpillar, Komatsu, liebherr, Volvo, etc.) widely used in microelectronics and information technology, and im
44、prove computer-aided driving systems, information management systems, such as the application of electronic monitoring and automaticalarm system, materials used for precision fitted, upload, GPS positioning and weight of the operation of industry automatic weighing device; the use of special noise r
45、eduction materials, noise suppression to eliminate or reduce machine noise in the loader work; through continuous improvement EFIdevices to further reduce exhaust emissions of diesel engines, non-polluting, economical, environmentally friendly power plant; optimize the structural design of the worki
46、ng device, such as a single Z-type linkage evolution of the eight parallel institutions, TPlinkage and ERASLINK institutions (single-action arm cast steel structure), and O & K is designed specifically for small multi-function loader LEAR linkage in order to improve the operating productivity of the
47、 loader, have developed many of the features ultra-strong systems, such as: power electronics control / management system automatically adjusts the engine output power; engine automatic control system, when the loader in a non-working condition, automatically reduces engine speed, reducing fuel cons
48、umption and engine noise; key information display systemand so on.Loader industry leading products are basically developed in the early 1970s Liugong ZL50-based development, an international technical level of the 1960s.In the 1980s digestion and absorption of advanced technology in the United States, Caterpillar, Komatsu of Japan, and gradually the successful development of the second generation wheel loader.Compared to Chinas second-generation products with international advanced products in the mechanical and electrical integration, manipulatio
