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1、Ergonomic evaluation of interior design of Shoka vehicle and proposing recommendations for improvement Adel Mazloumi * , PhD Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammadreze Fallah, MSc Department of Ergonomics, University o
2、f Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hedayat Tavakoli, MSc Department of Occupational Health, Polytechnic University of Chamran, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Objectives: One of the applications of ergonomics disciplinary is design
3、ing driver workstation compatible to users characteristics. The aim of this study was evaluation of interior design of Shoka vehicle with respect to the accommodation for Iranian population and proposing suggestions for customizing design of the vehicle. Method: This study was a descriptive-analytic
4、al study conducted among thirty men from Iranian drivers population in 5, 50, 95 percentiles of the stature variable. Objective variables related to the occupant packaging and vehicle visual aspects including anthropometric variables, frontal, lateral, and side view and so on were investigated first
5、. Then, subjective variables related to the driver mental workload and body comfort discomfort were studied using BMDMW and comfort questionnaires during 2-hour driving trial sessions. Results: Occupant packaging variables and hand-arm angle showed the least accommodation percent(%53).Seating angles
6、 showed low accommodation as well (%73). Among three percentile groups there were no significant differences between the mean values of mental Workload during two hours driving task. The mean value related to the comfort discomfort was 3.9 during driving sessions. Conclusion: Considering the finding
7、s in this study, it can be concluded that seating angles need correction and optimization. Taking mental workload results into account, it can be concluded that the interior design of the studied car had no influence on driversmental workload. From the aspect of comfort/discomfort, Shoka vehicle sho
8、wed neutral state among drivers.Optimizing seating angles, decreasing vibration, correcting stiffness of seating pan are suggested for customization of the ergonomics aspect of this vehicle. Keywords: Ergonomic evaluation, Vehicle, Shoka, Anthropometric, Compatibility Introduction Safety and comfort
9、 are of the most important criteria for both car manufacturing companies and for drivers as well as occupants from many points of views. Therefore considering the principles of ergonomics in automotive design will make remarkable benefits to many extents .Different researches have shown that fatigue
10、 played an important role in incidence of thirty percent of traffic accidents. One of the major causes of fatigue while driving is the car interior design. Features such as seats, steering wheel and pedals have shown a large impact on driver fatigue. The interior design may also cause human error .I
11、nappropriate design of the vehicle may lead to some health problems among driver population as well. The risk of lumbar discs deformation, pain in neck, back and shoulder tension,reduced blood circulation in the legs and buttocks are the instances of those problems .Moreover, interior design has imp
12、act on driver mental workload.Mental workload refers to engaging the mind while performing a task like driving task. Problems such as distraction,performance reduction and human error are somehow related to the drivers mental workload.Several ergonomics indicators are used by car manufacturing compa
13、nies for car design evaluation. These indicators are either qualitative (subjective) or quantitative indicators.Qualitative indicators are achieved with the use of questionnaires and special checklists among users population.Quantitative indicators such as anthropometric measures, access limits,forc
14、es and so on are also used to evaluate interior design and its compatibility with the user population in different percentiles. Several questionnaires, such as BMDMW and body comfort-discomfort questionnaire,have been published to evaluate the vehicle design. BMDMW questionnaire is a subjective meas
15、ure based on driving behavioral patterns which evaluate driversmental workload and state.Body comfort discomfort questionnaire also evaluate whole body and comfort-discomfort related to body limbs.Quantitative indicators to assess ergonomics-related aspects of interior design are generally related t
16、o the design dimensions.Dimensions can indicate human accommodation;and many research studies are based on evaluating those dimensions in 5,50,95 percentiles.The greatest differences in anthropometric values that are more relevant to the driver accommodation are three variables:stature, sitting heig
17、ht and weight. But, some research studies have shown that stature is most important anthropometric variable involved in the automotive design .Occupant packaging can be used for ergonomic quantitative evaluation of car design when considering stature as an anthropometric variable.Occupant packaging
18、is the interior design process of a vehicle to achieve a good level of accommodation, comfort and safety for passengers. The most relevant to the ergonomics variables when considering occupant packaging are: interior dimensions (SAE J1100), hand control reach (SAE J287), ellipse (SAE J941) and drive
19、r selected seat position (SAE J1517 . The optimal dimensions of the anthropometric data that utilized or ergonomic design are valuable; but it dose not comprehensively cover other aspects of vehicle design such as: ease of use, comfort, field of view and safety aspects . That is the reason why vehic
20、les are evaluated after design process.Particularly, if the vehicle would be an imported car, its design features and compatibility with the users are of crucial importance. Car manufacturers that are not original designer and they just assemble car products need to do researches in the field of veh
21、icle ergonomics evaluation. Methods and materials This study was a cross-sectional case study to evaluate the Shoka vehicle. It is a small truck car as a new model of the Nissan Z 24 which is manufactured in Zamyad Car Company in Iran.Main chassis as well as engine for this car are exactly for the N
22、is-san model Z 24. But, its body is completely a new design.There were two groups of variables to evaluate this car: 1) Quantitative variables selected from occupant packaging and were related to SAE J1100 (interior dimensions),SAE J941(drivers eye location) SAE J1517 (accommodation) these variables
23、 and the comparison standard values are shown in Table 1. Tools used for measuring these variables included: goniometer, rulers in various sizes, tape and label as marker. Sitting pattern in the vehicle,definitions of the variables and measuring methods and required adjustment of the vehicle during
24、measurement activity was done according to the requirements of the SAE J1100 standard. Reference points of measurement were: seating reference point (SgRP), accelerator heel point (AHP) and Pedal Reference Point (PRP) that the other variables were deter-mined with respect to these points . Vision re
25、lated quantitative variables included: nearest visible point on the ground from left sides and front that determined by a marker in meter Fig 1 shows the quantitative variables related to this study. 2) Qualitative variables: Qualitative variables were investigated using BMDMW and body comfort-disco
26、mfort questionnaires during 2-hour driving sessions. The BMDMW questionnaire, which evaluates driver mental workload, has been developed by Francesco Di Nasera in Rome University . Reliability and face validity of the BMDMW questionnaire was investigated and confirmed after translating into Persian
27、language. BMDMW has six internal factors include: Disengagement, Vehicle Monitoring,Route Monitoring,Road Awareness,Control and Fatigue and has Likert scale that shows driving events from one rarely to five high. Variables related to comfort-discomfort were collected during the two-hour road trial s
28、essions by body comfort-discomfort questionnaire. This is one of the common tools for assessing comfort-discomfort that measures comfort-discomfort state by averaging twelve members state of the body during the driving. Validity and reliability of this questionnaire has been done in previous researc
29、hes (4, 5). This questionnaire has seven point Likertscale that shows comfort-discomfort state from one “very comfortable” to seven very uncomfortable” . Data for the occupant packaging and vision was collected first and then,after a two-hour road trial test the questionnaires were administered by s
30、elected drivers as participants. Statistical software of SPSS version 15 was conducted for data analysis. Data analysis included two parts: examine the aspects of the mean and standard deviation of the variables related to the descriptive statistics. Then from aspect of analytical statistics data no
31、rmality was assessed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and normal data was used for the ANOVA test to examine mean differences. Conclusion Considering the findings of this study it can be concluded that some changes in interior dimensions specially in sitting angles required in this vehicle. These changes
32、should cover the entire percentile groups. The angles of trunk and hand-arm should be increased and the angles related to the knee and foot should be decreased.This car has neutral conditions for Iranian drivers.Vehicle interior dimensions have no remarkable effects on whole body comfort-discomfort
33、and other factors like: softness and rigidity of the seat, vibration of the vehicle and contact pressure will be effective on the drivers comfort-discomfort.Tall drivers have more control over the vehicle.Fatigue, vehicle monitoring, route monitoring are same be-tween the drivers with different stat
34、ures. Changes in H-Point, front hood bulge and wipers would be effective ways for improving driver view. 人机工程学评价舒车辆内饰设计，并提出改善建议阿德尔Mazloumi *，博士职业卫生部门，公立学校健康，德黑兰大学医学科学院，伊朗德黑兰mohammadreze法拉赫，硕士人类工效学系，大学和社会福利 康复治疗科学系，德黑兰，伊朗hedayat Tavakoli，硕士职业卫生署，理工大学chamran，德黑兰，伊朗德黑兰大学医学科学院，公共卫生学院，目标：人体工程学的应用学科之一，是兼容
35、的驱动程序的工作站用户的特点设计。本研究的目的是舒卡汽车内饰设计的评价与尊重伊朗人口和提出建议，自订车辆设计提出建议。方法：本研究是一个描述性的分析研究，5，50，95百分位人体变量从伊朗司机人口30人之间进行。首先关系到乘员的包装和车辆，包括人体的变量，正面，横向，和侧视图等视觉方面的客观变量进行了调查。然后，有关司机的心理负荷和人体舒适感不适的主观变量，驾驶2小时的审讯会议期间使用BMDMW和舒适问卷进行了研究。结果：乘员乘坐变量和手臂角度表明至少容纳空间（53），座位的角度表现出低的调节性（73）。其中有三个百分团体心理负荷的平均值之间没有显着性差异在两个小时驾驶任务。舒适不适的平均值为
36、3.9%期间驾驶研究。结论：考虑到这项研究的结果，可以断定，座位的角度需要修正和优化。以精神考虑工作量的结果，可以得出结论，研究汽车内饰设计没有影响驾驶员心理的工作量。从舒适/不适方面，舒卡车辆之间的驾驶.优化座位角度表明中性状态，减少振动，纠正刚度座位泛定制这款车的人体工程学方面的建议。待添加的隐藏文字内容1关键词：人机工程学，车辆，舒卡汽车，人体，兼容性 介绍对于汽车制造公司和驾驶员来说，安全性和舒适性是最重要的评价标准，以及从许多意见居住者。因此考虑人体工程学在汽车设计的原则，将使许多程度的显着效益。不同的研究表明，在30的交通事故发生率中，疲劳驾驶是其发生的重要因素。疲劳驾驶的重要原因
37、之一，是汽车内饰设计。功能，如座椅，方向盘和踏板都表现出了对司机疲劳有很大的影响。室内设计也可能会造成人为的错误。车辆设计不当，可能会导致一些健康问题。腰椎间盘变形，疼痛，颈部，背部和肩部的紧张的风险减少了腿部的血液循环和臀部疼痛是这些问题的实例。此外，室内设计工作量。心理的工作量，是指从事头脑，而对驾驶员的影响执行任务像驾驶任务。如分心，性能下降和人为错误的问题在某种程度上涉及到司机的心理负荷。几个人机工程指标用于汽车制造公司的汽车设计评估。这些指标与定性（主观）或定量指标，定性指标达到人体测量，访问限制，部位等，如人口数量。定性指标也被用来评估室内设计和用户之间的使用问卷和特殊的清单其兼容
38、性与用户在不同的百分人口。几个问卷调查，如BMDMW和身体舒适不适。问卷调查，已公布评估车辆设计。基于驾驶行为模式评估驾驶员心理工作量和状态。身体的舒适感不适问卷也评估全身不适舒适BMDMW问卷是一种有关身体四肢主观评价的措施。设计尺寸一般与评估有关,室内设计的人体工程学方面的量化指标可以表明成员空间和许多研究评估5,50,95人体百分位。在这些基础方面的最大的差异，有关司机的空间，是三个变量：身材矮小，坐在身高和体重。但是，一些研究表明，身材最重要的是人体在汽车设计中所涉及的变量。乘员活动时，可用于汽车的设计符合人体工程学的定量评价考虑身形作为人体参数.成员空间的布置是车辆内部的设计过程中重
39、要部分，舒适性和乘客的安全，实现了较好的水平。考虑乘员空间布置时最相关的人机工程变量是：人体测量数据的最佳尺寸，内部尺寸（SAE J1100），手的控制范围（SAE J287），椭圆（SAE J941）和驾驶过程中选择座位位置（SAE的J1517利用或符合人体工程学的设计是有价值的，但它的涉及范围不能全面覆盖的其他方面，如车辆设计：易用性，舒适性，现场视图和安全方面，这就是为什么汽车设计后评价程序特别重要的原因。如果车辆将是进口车，汽车制造商是不是原来的设计师，其设计特点和用户的兼容性是至关重要。或者他们只是组装汽车产品需要做车辆工效学评价领域的研究。材料与方法这项研究是一个横断面的个案研究，
40、以评估舒卡车辆。这是一个小货车车作为新模式，这是制造底盘在Zamyad汽车公司以及日产Z 24这款车的发动机是完全相同的NIS-SAN型号Z 24。但是，它的身体是完全一个新的设计.这两个变量组，以评估此车：1）选定从乘员包装和定量变量与SAE J1100（内部尺寸），SAE J941（驾驶者的眼睛位置）SAE J1517（住宿）这些变量和标准值比较如表1所示。测量这些变量所使用的工具包括：各种尺寸的测角器，和作为标记的标签，乘员。坐在目标车辆中，变量的定义：测量方法和测量活动期间的车辆所需的调整是根据SAE J1100标准的要求。测量参考点是：座椅基准点（SGRP），加速器踵点（AHP）和踏
41、板参考点（PRP）及其他变量，确定这些点的位置。视觉相关的定量变量包括：从左右两侧和前方，标记确定地面最近的可见点，显示本研究相关的定量变量。2）定性变量：定性变量进行2小时的驾驶试验，使用BMDMW和身体舒适不适问卷调查。“BMDMW问卷调查，评估司机的心理负荷，已经制定了在罗马大学的弗朗西斯迪Nasera。可靠性和有效性面对的BMDMW问卷调查和确认后，翻译成波斯语。 BMDMW有六个内部因素包括：脱离接触，车辆监控，路线监控，路感，控制和疲劳，并有里克特的规模，显示驾驶事件从一个“很少”到“高”。身体舒适不适问卷调查两小时的道路驾驶情况，由试验期间收集有关舒适不适的变量。这是评估舒适的措
42、施，由平均12个成员的身体状态，在驾驶舒适不适状态的不适，常用的工具之一。（4，5）以往的研究已经完成这份问卷的有效性和可靠性。此问卷有七个点相似，显示了从一个“非常舒适”的七个到不适状态 的姿态“。乘员空间和试验的数据收集，然后，经过两个小时的道路试验测试问卷被选定作为参与驾驶员管理。用 SPSS 15版统计软件进行数据分析。数据分析包括两部分：检查相关的描述性统计变量的平均值和标准偏差等方面。然后从分析统计数据正常的角度进行评估柯尔莫哥洛夫 - 斯米尔诺夫检验和ANOVA检验检查平均差异是正常的数据使用。结论 考虑到这项研究的结果可以得出结论，在内部尺寸的变化，特别是在坐的角度需要在这辆车。这些变化应包括整个百分组。躯干和手臂的角度，应增加相关的膝盖和脚的角度，应该是有中性条件下对伊朗的驾驶员。车辆内部尺寸该小。这些汽车舒适全身不适和其他因素没有显着的效果，如：座椅的柔软性和刚性，车辆的振动和接触压力将是有效的，对驾驶员的的不舒适度.高一点的司机有更高的舒适度，车辆监控，路线监控是相同的驱动程序之间的控制与不同个子。在H点，前引擎盖隆起和雨刷的变化将是为改善司机认为的有效途径。
