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1、,Literature of the mid-19th century,Victorian Literature,Chartist literature Critical Realistic novelsVictorian poetryVictorian prose,Historical Background,Review of the House of England,The House of Tutor(都铎王朝,1485-1603；十六世纪)The House of Stuart(斯图亚特王朝,1603-1649,1660 restoration-1714；十七世纪)The house
2、of Hanover(汉诺威王朝1714-1901；十八世纪),House of Hanover1714-1910,George I George IIGeorge IIIGeorge IVWilliam IV,Victoria 1837-1901Edward VII,the longest reigning monarch in UK history,1.political:rapid economic development as well as serious social problems great prosperity&richness poverty,worsening livi
3、ng&working conditions,mass unemployment Chartist Movement(1836-1848).,2.Ideological:rapid development of science&technology,new inventions&discoveries in geology,astronomy,biology&anthropology completely shook peoples religious convictions.Utilitarianism:everything test by the criterion of utility-m
4、iddle-class industrialists exploiting workers to the utmost-suffering and poverty,Darwinism:Darwins“The Origin of Species”&“The Descent of Man”shook the basis of the traditional faith.Marxism:Political essays:Marxs“Capital”,Engelss“The Conditions of the Working Class in England”,3.Chartist MovementT
5、ime:1832-1848Workers-Peoples charter-basic rights,better living and working conditionsfirst mass movement of the English working class early sign of the awakening of the poor,oppressed people.,6 Points:Universal Suffrage 普选权 Vote by Ballot 无记名秘密投票 Annually Elected Parliament 议会每年改选一次 Abolition of th
6、e Property Qualification取消议员财产资格限制 Equal electoral Districts平均分配选举区 Payment for Members of Parliament 支付议员薪金,literature,Literature of 30s and 40s:Chartist Literature-Ernest Jones,W.James Linton,Thomas.Hood,Novels(Critical Realism)Charles Dickens William Makepeace Thackeray Thomas Hardy Bronte sister
7、s Mrs.Gaskell George Eliot,Poetry&Prose of the mid-19th C,A.TennysonThe BrowningsThe RossettisSwinburneM.Arnold,Thomas Carlyle M.ArnoldJohn RuskinThomas HuxleyMacaulay,Chartist Literature,Ernest Jones,Thomas Hood,W.James Linton,1.Ernest Jones most talented 1845 joined the Chartist movement1848,arres
8、ted,seditious speech:green flag of Chartism will soon be flying over Downing Street.1851 journal,“The Peoples Paper”:socialist newspaper,Karl Marxdied in 1869,100,000,his funeral,His worksShort poems“The Song of the Low”“The Song of the Future”“The March of Freedom”“A Song for the People”Long poem“T
9、he Revolt of Hindostan”:class struggle,novels:“The Confession of a King”“The Romance of a People”“The History of Democratic Movement”“Womans Wrongs”,2.Thomas Hood“The Song of the Shirt”衬衫之歌 powerful attack on worker exploitation illusions of enlightened members to alleviate the sufferings of the poo
10、r,“The Bridge of Sighs”:the tragic fate of a woman whose poverty and misery forced her to a life of degeneration as a prostitute and who finally jumped into the river to put an end to her shame,Critical Realistic Novelists,1.features of Victorian novels,In Victorian period,novels became the major li
11、terary trend and major form of expression of progressive thought.,1).sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th-century realist novel,carried on their duty to criticism of the society and defense of the mass.,2).all concerned about the fate of common people:angry at the inhuman
12、 social institutions,the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship,Utilitarianism,the widespread misery,poverty and injustice.,3).truthful depiction of peoples life and bitter&strong criticism of the society-awakening public consciousness to social problems-actual improvement of t
13、he society.,4).fail to point out the right solution of the social problems of the time appeal to morality and ethic advocate peaceful reformation and reconciliation to solve the class contradictions,2.representatives Charles Dickens William Makepeace Thackery Thomas Hardy Charlotte Bronte women Emil
14、y Bronte novelists Anne Bronte Mrs.Gaskell George Eliot,Charles Dickens 1812-1870,the greatest novelist of Victorian period and the greatest representative of English critical realism,life story,Portsmouth,started school at nine,his father imprisoned for debt when he was ten,forced to support himsel
15、f by working in a shoe-polish factory.A resulting sense of humiliation and abandonment haunted him for life,and he later described this experience,only slightly altered,in his novel“David Copperfield”.,self-educated,legal clerk,reporter in the courts and Parliament.marry Catherine Hogarth in 1836 fi
16、rst novel“The Pickwick Papers”,famous,influenced the publishing industry,issued in inexpensive monthly installments,became popular among Dickenss time.,1842 lectured in the United States in favor of an international copyright agreement and in opposition to slaveryyoung actress,Ellen Ternan,separatio
17、n from his wife in 1858,a fatal stroke on June 9,1870,and was buried in Westminster Abbey five days later.,his works,His literary careerA.1836“Sketches by Boz”1836-37“The Pickwick Papers”1837-38“Oliver Twist”1838-39“Nicholas Nickleby”1840-41“The Old Curiosity Shop”1841“Barnaby Rudge”,youthful optimi
18、sm,B.1842“American Notes”1843-45“Martin Chuzzlewit”1843“A Christmas Carol”1844“The Chimes”1845“The Cricket on the Hearth”1846-48“Dombey and son”1849-50“David Copperfield,Excitement and Irritation,C.185253“Bleak House”1854“Hard Times”185557“Little Dorrit”1859“A Tale of Two Cities”1860-61“Great Expect
19、ations”1864-65“Our Mutual Friend”1870“Edwin Drood”,Steady Intensifying pessimism,Oliver Twist,comments exposure of the bitter conditions of the workhouse truthful presentation of the miseries of the poor and oppressed and the social system and the institutions responsible for such miseries best-reme
20、mbered line“Please,Sir,I want some more!”,comments Mr Dombey(rich bourgeoisie):proud,hard-hearted,cold-blooded,thinks of everything in terms of money:sends his son to a school where the child is treated to be like him,cold and practical;mistreats his daughter;ill-treats his wife as his property and
21、cannot tolerate her having affection for any one besides him,even for his daughter.,contrast rich bourgeoisie:bitter criticism to the capitalist society,think everything in terms of cashsimple people:love,friendship,self-sacrifice and goodness,Comments autobiographyattack social evils in Victorian E
22、ngland miseries of child-labor tyranny in schools and debtors prison cruelty and immorality of upper classsimple folk:selflessness mutual helpfulness,Hard Times1.Introduction:the shortest of his novels.The novel is unusual,set in the fictitious Victorian industrial town:Coketown.,2.major charactersM
23、r.Bounderby:a wealthy businessman,employs many of the characters.He marries Louisa Gradgrind(30 years his junior)and the marriage eventually ends unhappily.Throughout the novel,Bounderby is a symbol of hypocrisy.Mr.Gradgrind:the founder of the Gradgrind educational system.He firmly believes in hard
24、facts and statistics(philosophy of fact).,Mr.Gradgrind:Now,what I want is,Facts.Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts.Facts alone are wanted in life.”,comments:French Revolution hatred for tyranny of ruling class,old ways of oppression must be changed through revolution criticize the bloodshe
25、d in revolution,disapprove of extreme measures,best-remember lines(the opening)It was the best of times,it was the worst of times,it was the age of wisdom,it was the age of foolishness,it was the epoch of belief,it was the epoch of incredulity,it was the season of light,it was the season of darkness
26、,it was the spring of hope,it was the winter of despair,we had everything before us,we had nothing before us,we were all going direct to Heaven,we were all going direct the other way-in short,the period was so far like the present period.,Dickens and Christmas,Christmas novels,“A Christmas Carol”“Th
27、e Chimes”“The Cricket on the Hearth”,Many of Dickenss novels involves Christmas.Christmas feasting,merrymaking in Dickens earlier novels gives way to a darker Christmas in the later novelsinfluence on the way that we celebrate Christmas today than any single individual in human history,At the beginn
28、ing of the Victorian period the celebration of Christmas was in decline.The Industrial Revolution,in full development in Dickens time,allowed workers little time for the celebration of Christmas.But it was the Christmas stories of Dickens that rekindled the joy of Christmas in Britain and America.,D
29、ickens describes the holidays as a good time:a kind,forgiving,charitable,pleasant time:the only time I know of in the long calendar of the year,when men and women seem by one consent to open their shut-up hearts freely,and to think of other people below them as if they really were fellow-passengers
30、to the grave,and not another race of creatures bound on other journeys.,Dickens name had become so synonymous with Christmas that on hearing of his death in 1870 a little girl in London asked,Mr.Dickens dead?Then will Father Christmas die too?,features of his novels,1.successful characterization:Dic
31、kens was skillful in giving the characters exactly the actions and words that fit them2.successful use of broad humor and penetrating satire:combine masterly storytelling,humor and irony with sharp social criticism.,plicated and fascinating plot(more than one minor threads besides the major one)4.mo
32、st of his novels end with a happy ending.,Memorial of Dickens,Broadstairs Dickens festival Dickens often visited Broadstairs,enjoying the sun and healthful sea air.This connection with the famous author is memorized by the town every June.immortalized the town as Our English Watering Place,William M
33、akepeace Thackeray1811-1863,life story,in Calcutta,IndiaTrinity College,Cambridge without taking a degreeGambling,bank failurequarrel with Charles Dickens died suddenly on Christmas Eve 1863,reconciled with Dickens,One of Thackerays daughters(Harriet)was the first wife of Sir Leslie Stephen.With his
34、 second wife,Stephen was the father of Virginia Woolf,making Thackeray almost her grandfather.,his works,“Vanity Fair”:masterpieceon social criticism“The Book of Snobs”“Pendenis”“The Newcomes”historical Novels“Henry Esmond”“The Virginians”,“Vanity Fair,or A Novel Without a Hero1.introduction:Title:“
35、The Pilgrims Progress”Setting:Napoleonic wars,2.major characters Amelia Dobbin George Osborne Becky Sharp Joseph Crawley Rawdon,ments sub-title(A Novel without a Hero):the novel is concerned not with individual heroes but with the society as a whole the characters are all flawed to a greater or less
36、er degree;even the most sympathetic have weaknesses,Becky Sharp:tricky,resourceful,practical and capable.Born with no advantages,in a society that values rank and wealth,Becky makes her way to the highest levels of society through her own beauty,intelligence,hard work,and talent.,limitation:no sugge
37、stion that social or political changes could improve the nature of society.,Thomas Hardy1840-1928,village of Puddletown Heath22 London,write poems,rural lifearchitectural career,Far From the Madding Crowd,devoting entirely to writingTess and Jude-public criticism,never write fiction again.A bishop s
38、olemnly burnt the book,probably in his despair at not being able to burn me“Wessex poemsOrder of Merit,gold medal of the Royal Society of Literature.died in 1928,Poets Corner,His works,2.His novels3 groups A.Romances and Fantasies A Pair of Blue Eyes The Trumpet Major Two on a Tower A Group of Noble
39、 Dames The Well Beloved,B.novels of ingenuity Desperate Remedies The Hand of Ethelberta A Laodicean A Changed Man,The Waiting Supper and Other Tales,C.Novels of Character and Environment(Wessex novels)Under the Greenwood Tree Far from the Madding Crowd The Return of the Native The Mayor of Casterbri
40、dge Tess of the DUrbervilles Jude the Obscure,Thomas Hardy first used the term Wessex in his 1874 novel,“Far From the Madding Crowd”.The extinct kingdom to which Hardy refers is the ancient kingdom of the West Saxons known as Wessex(6th10th).(King Alfred the Great),The Return of the Native1.major ch
41、aracters Clym Yeobright Eustacia Vye Damon Wildeve Thomasin Y.Diggory Egdon Heath(setting):embodiment of the powerful and eternal force of nature,2.characterization Clym Yeobright:tired of city life,settle down in countryside Eustacia:eager to go to outer world Hardys disgust of modern cities and ye
42、arning for rural life,3.analysis of this novel(1).first mature novel(2).contrast:strong power of nature insignificance of man(3).the helplessness and ridiculousness of human before the mysterious force of nature,The Mayor of Casterbridge1.contents:rise and decline of Henchard:simple man to a mayor t
43、o death,not being conquered by the vicious social environment till death2.criticism:a pure and simple and essentially good man is doomed to a terrible fate,Jude the Obscure1.most pessimistic novel2.major characters Jude Fawley Arabella Donn Sue Bridehead Phillotson,3.analysis of the novel1).attacked
44、 British institutions:higher education,social class,and marriage 2).social forces-mysterious hand of nature beyond human intelligence and control,writing features,1).pessimistic spirit and philosophy(Fatalism):mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile and mysterious fate,which brings misfortu
45、ne to human life.,2).disgust for the bourgeois civilization and return to the past society;sympathy with the simple laboring people against the rich and the wicked3).strong elements of naturalism and symbolism:influence of nature on life;mans struggle against mysterious force in nature,the Bronte si
46、sters,The Bront sisters,Charlotte(1816 1855)Emily(1818 1848)Anne(1820 1849),All 3 Bronte Sisters,male pen name Charlotte:Currer BellEmily:Ellis Bell Anne:Acton Bell,“Poems by Currer,Ellis and Acton Bell”Charlotte“The Professor”“Jane Eyre”“Shirley”“Villette”Emily“Wuthering Heights”Anne“Agnes Grey”“Th
47、e Tenant of the Wildfell Hall”,The Clergy Daughters School,Maria&Elizabeth,tuberculosis,model for Lowood,the girls school in Jane Eyre.,Schooling,During the early 19th century,fashionable to educate females.free education not availablethe very rich,elegant girls schools,Governesses,1.Less costly sch
48、ools were formed by well-meaning benefactors in order to educate poor females.2.With stress on female education,governesses were in demand.,3.Illness was common because the poor conditions of the schools4.Pay was poor,but it was one of the only jobs available to educated,yet impoverished young women
49、,107,analysis of the pletely new woman image:a fiery spirit a poor,plain little governess who dares to love her master,a man superior to her in many waysbrave enough to declare to the man her love for him,2.sharp criticism of the existing societyreligious hypocrisy of charitable institutions(inhuman
50、 misery in charity school)the social discrimination and the false social convention as concerning love and marriage,3.limitation:education is the key to all social problems remove evils of capitalism by the improvement of the schools,4.significance a work of feminist consciousness:speak not only for
