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1、New Energy Sources,Will oil and gas still be important in 50 years?,BP Report June 2009,“World energy demand could more than double in the next 50 years.”,“So where would we get the energy everyone needs?”,Chevron in The Economist Oct 21 2006,New Energy Sources Outline,Unconventional oil and gasHeav
2、y oil,bitumen in carbonates,tight gas,coalbed methane,shale oil,methane hydratesClean coal technologyNon-hydrocarbonsBiofuels,hydro,solar,wind,geothermal,hydrogen,nuclear,1.Unconventional Gas and Oil,Heavy oil and bitumenTight gasCoalbed methane(CBM)Shale oilMethane hydrates,Heavy Oil and Bitumen,Oi
3、l that is too viscous to be pumped by conventional techniquesMost important producers:Canada,VenezuelaMany countries beginning to develop heavy oilProduction from carbonates electrical heating may be tested by Shell in Grosmont formation,Tight Gas,Methane found within very“tight”formations,such as c
4、ap rock,shale,volcanic rocksUS has 20 years more experience than Canada40%of US gas in 2007 was unconventional,Nickles November 2007,Fracturing a Well:Marcellus Shale Gas,Massive Multiple Hydraulic Fracture Job,Shale gas development,Pennsylvania USA,Fracturing Shale,Fracturing has opened up a vast n
5、ew resourceLong horizontal wells have as many as 45 fractures placed along the lengthThe hydraulic fractures connect with the natural fractures in the shale,opening them up,and making a good well,Coal Bed Methane,Conventional oilfield technology easily transferable to coal bedsIncreasing development
6、 of coalbed methane around world2008:Australia will produce more CBM than natural gas(OGJ July 25,2006),Canadas Coalbed Methane,4000 CBM wells drilled in WCSB in 2006Small production(3%of all methane)Low per well rates,but long-life is predictedHorizontal wells more successful than verticalWater pro
7、duction may be huge;disposal a problem,OGJ July 24,2006,Coalbed Methane Recovery,CO2 replaces CH4 in coal seamsIssues:permeability,cost,CH4,Coal Bed Methane Farming,Microbes seeded in coal bedsCO2 and nutrients(phosphorus,nitrogen)addedMethane produced after several monthsResearch is ongoing;field t
8、rials will start soonResearch agencies:Luca Technologies,Alberta Research Council,major oil companies Methane may be a renewable resource,Nickles New Technology April/May 2006,For the USA,Oil Shales,Plentiful in western US,largely on federal lands(500 Mbbl)Plentiful in China(possibly 10%of the world
9、s total*)More difficult to recover oil from shale than from oil sandsOil from shale is extremely heavy and waxy;known as kerogen,*Liu,Renhe et al,Oct 2007,Oil Shales:Technology,40 years of tests in several countries Electrical resistance heatingField trials in western US by ShellRF-CF process experi
10、mental onlyRadio frequency energy heats reservoirCritical fluids dissolve and transport oil to production wellsMoratorium on oil shale development by US government(OGJ,April 2008),Shells Colorado Experiments,In situ thermal conversion concept,Colorado Site-2004,Exxon Electrofrac,Heating Pipes,Courte
11、sy EGL Resources,Methane Hydrates,Ice-like solids consisting of methane molecules trapped in frozen waterMore resource in place than gas,oil,and coal combinedGas from hydrates may be produced along with regular methaneWhen gas hydrates overlie methane reservoirs(Alberta Oil,March 2008),Source:Borman
12、n et al.2002,Methane Hydrates,Source:Uchida et al.1999,well:Mallik 2L-38,depth 917 m,Gas Hydrates in Sediments,Gas Hydrate Formation,1.Organic decomposition and heat produce methane in sediments under the oceans2.Methane combines with water in these high pressure and low temperature conditions to fo
13、rm an ice-like solid,OGJ Apr 25,2005,Where Are Hydrates Found?,On all continental shelves,at water depths of 500 mBuried in sediments(10-100 m deep)under ocean floorsAbundant in South China SeaAlso in India,Japan,and South Korea,OGJ Oct 16 2006,Research in Gas Hydrates,Extensive field tests in Macke
14、nzie Delta in Canada(5 countries involved)and Alaskas North SlopeChina will spend$100 million on research in next decade,Gas Hydrate Problems,Soft sediments liquefy no support for conductor pipeWell casing shearSeafloor landslides and subsidenceEscape of methane into the atmosphereLack of technology
15、 for collecting the methane,2.Clean Coal I,Most common process:coal is burned in oxygen in a special facilitySulphur,mercury,nitrogen and arsenic are removed*Coal gasification(burning in air)is another possibilityPlant under construction in Nanjing,OGJ Sep 19 2005,Coal Gasification+CO2 Capture,O2-Ox
16、ygen,CombinedCycle Plant,ElectricitySteam,Gasifier,Fuel Cells,ElectricityHeat,Low costfeedstocksCoalHeavyCokeResidBiomass,Slag,Deep Geological Injection,Modified from Eddy Isaacs,AERI-2003,Sulphur CO2,EOR and Geological Sequestration,Surface Stockpiles,Industrial Use,Clean Coal II,Heat or electricit
17、y may be produced or the coal may be converted to oil(FT process)South Africa(Sasol)is a leader in coal-to-oil conversionTax breaks for technology recently passed in USClean coal may be competitive when oil is US$60/b,3.Non-Hydrocarbon Fuels,Biomass;biofuelsHydroSolarWindGeothermalOcean energy,Biofu
18、els,Fuel can come from many sources Corn(especially in US),soybeans,jojoba beans,elephant grass,switchgrassUsed cooking oil,forestry and farming wastes(especially sugar cane in Brazil)Processing wastes,animal and human wastesBiofuel industry claim:1 fossil fuel unit can produce 3.2 biofuel energy un
19、its,OGJ Oct 16 2006,Biofuel Advantages,Renewable form of energySome biofuels can grow on poor quality farmlandLess polluting:no sulphur,ash is not toxicCarbon neutralCan be a means of waste disposal,Biofuel Problems,Food vs fuel issueFertilizer,pesticide,water useIncreased clearing of forestsPoor go
20、vernment support e.g.US tariffs on Brazils biodieselExpensive infrastructureLimited energy efficiency,Hydroelectricity,BP Report June 2009,Hydro,Electricity usually produced by large dams20%increase in Chinas production(BP 2009)Run-of-river projects No large dams,no land lossFish habitat is affected
21、Production varies with water flow,Haywood Sep 2007,Hydroelectricity,BP Report June 2009,Solar I,Several methodsPassive solar no special equipmentHeating of water in pipesElectron movement in a semiconductorMirrors used to concentrate energy,Haywood Sep 2007,Solar II,United States2008:solar energy on
22、ly.1%of US electricity use Summer:high solar power and high AC useHuge potential in south-west USChinaA leader in equipment manufactureProblems2007:shortage of siliconAvailability of solar power where needed,Wind,Capacity to supply 10-15%of world energy needs NASA2008:1%of worlds energyGrowth of abo
23、ut 30%per year(ENN)Germany and US are world leaders(ENN)Chinas wind energy production increased 156%from 2006-2007Towers access stronger winds above ground level(7 m/s required)Haywood,Sep,2007Turbines convert energy to electricity Haywood,Sep,2007,Haywood,Sep,2007,Geothermal Energy,From natural und
24、erground heat sourcesHas been used for 100 yearsCould provide 10%of worlds electricity(Chevron in The Economist 2006)Important in Iceland,New Zealand,and California,Haywood,Sep,2007,Ocean Energy,Energy density of water is 1000 x that of airTidal energyEspecially in narrow channelsTurbines or recipro
25、cating hydrofoils power generatorsWave energySalinity and temperature differencesVery early stages of development,Haywood Sep 2007,Hydrogen,Hydrogen can power vehiclesNo local emissions,but.Infrastructure complicated and expensiveSource of hydrogen is usually methane itself a valuable fuelHydrogen p
26、roduction requires energy,Oil and Gas Journal,Dec 2008,Nuclear Energy,BP Review 2010,Nuclear Energy,Important in China,Europe,North AmericaDeclined for the last 2 yearsMaintenance problems in Japan and BritainIncreased in China,Nuclear energy consumption by area,Million tonnes oil equivalent,BP Revi
27、ew July 2009,Current Status of Alternative Energies,“The alternative energy industry has reached critical mass and is here to stay.”Hydro,nuclear,biofuels,wind and solar will dominateChina:15%of energy to come from renewables by 2020,Haywood,Sep,2007,References,2008Journal of Petroleum Technology(JPT)various issues,2006-2009Nickles New Technology Magazine(Nickles),various issues,2006-2009Oil and Gas Journal(OGJ),various issues,2005 2009www.earthpolicy.org 2008,
