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1、,Introduction of Well Testing Techniques,March 7,2023,Contents,Definition,Purposes and Tasks of Well TestDevelopment Phases of Well TestMain Operations of Well TestTechnique of Formation TestTechnique of Surface Well TestPreventing Formation Damage during Testing,Definition,Purposes and Tasks of Wel
2、l Test,Well Test is a technologic process performed for those possible hydrocarbon or water zones.In this process,using a set of special equipments and tools to reduce the pressure of fluid column in the well,inducing formation fluids to flow into the well hole and finally obtaining the data of prod
3、uctivity,pressure,temperature,fluids properties,and other formation parameters.,Definition,1)to prove whether the new area and structure have commercial oil and gas.2)to determine the level of oil-bearing and gas-bearing,oil/gas/water boundaries,production capacity and drive mechanism in a reservoir
4、.3)to verify the reliability of logging interpretation.4)to obtain data of fluids properties and reservoir physical properties,determine reasonable production program,supply a basis to reserves calculation and development planning.,Definition,Purposes and Tasks of Well Test,Purposes and Tasks of Wel
5、l Test,First Phase Represented by conventional well testing technique,featuring with Wireline Conveyed Perforating(电缆射孔)and Swabbing（抽汲）.Second Phase Represented by formation tester technique,featuring with DST using MFE,HST,APR,PCT testers.Third Phase Represented by combining formation tester techn
6、ique and other techniques,featuring with performing several operation by one trip of pipe string,such as DST+TCP,DST+TCP+SRO(Surface Read Out),DST+SWT(surface well test),and DST+TCP+EP(ejector pumping)etc.,Development Phases of Well Test,wiper tripping find bottom(通井、探井底)well flushing(洗井)pressure te
7、sting(试压)perforating(射孔)formation fluids inducing(诱导地层流体)productivity measuring(求产)formation pressure measuring(测压)well killing(压井)layer plugging and well abandon(封层和封井),Main Operations of Well Test,Running wiper tool into well hole to 1)wipe and clean out solid materials adhering on casing wall,2)c
8、heck through diameter,deformation and breakage of casing,3)check whether the artificial well bottom meets the needs of well test or not,and 4)adjust the properties of kill fluid to meet the need of perforation.,Wiper Tripping&Find Bottom(通井、探井底),Circulating fluid through the well by pump unit to 1)m
9、ake well bore clean,clean out solid materials,heavy oil and wax adhering on casing wall;2)adjust the properties of kill fluid to meet the need of perforation,and prevent dirty fluids inject into formation while formation is perforated.,Well Flushing(洗井),For different purposes,there are Direct Flushi
10、ng(正洗井)and Back Flushing(反洗井)two ways of Well Flushing.,Direct flushing,Back flushing,Well Flushing(洗井),Pressure Testing(试压),Using pump unit to make well hole and wellhead to bear a certain pressure to 1)check quality of cement job 2)check seal ability of casing and wellhead,Shooting the casing with
11、 explosives to form holes which communicate formation and well hole and make fluids flowing path.Operating ways of perforating are classified as WCP(Wireline Conveyed Perforating)and TCP(Tubing Conveyed Perforating).,Perforating(射孔),TCP,Perforating-TCP,It is a process to drop height of fluid column
12、and decrease fluid density in the well,make fluid column pressure less than formation pressure and then,cause formation fluids to flow into well hole or even blow out surface.General ways of Inducing have displacement(替喷),swabbing(抽汲),bailing out(提捞),gas lifting(气举),and water-gas mixture lifting(混气水
13、气举).,Formation Fluids Inducing(诱导地层流体),It is a process to measure productivity of oil,gas and water under a certain producing pressure drop by using a set of equipment and tools.Producing pressure drop is controlled by routine of productivity measuring work(求产工作制度).Routine of swabbing can be describ
14、ed as swab running times per day,swabbing depth,depth of producing fluid level.Routine of a gusher(自喷井)can be described as choke size,tubing head pressure and surface casing pressure.,Productivity Measuring(求产),Using downhole pressure gauge to measure and record formation pressures and formation tem
15、perature.,Formation Pressure measuring(测压),Using downhole pressure gauge to measure and record formation pressures and formation temperature.,Formation Pressure measuring(测压),Using killing fluid to make formation pressure balanced or overbalanced by pressure of fluid column in the well hole so as to
16、 ensure down-hole operations safely.,Well Killing(压井),Layer Plugging means sealing or isolating a test layer temporarily or permanently to ensure that no interference in other testing layers which will be performed.General layer plugging ways:sand filling(填砂),cement plugging(注水泥塞),and bridge pluggin
17、g(桥塞).Well Abandon means plugging a no commercial production well permanently.Generally,use two cement plugs to abandon a well.,Layer Plugging and Well Abandon(封层和封井),Technique of Formation Test,There are DST(drill stem test)and WFT(wireline formation test)two types of formation test operation.Norma
18、lly,the words used in the field,DST is belonged to well test operation services,WFT is belonged to logging operation services.,Technique of Formation Test-DST,Key tools of DST include tester(valve),packer,pressure gauge.Use drill string or tubing string to run DST tools into the well.First,setting p
19、acker to isolate testing layer from kill fluid and other permeable layers,then the valve is opened and closed several times,the formation fluids pressure build-up and drop-off are continuously recorded on a chart of pressure versus time.,The principle of DST operating,Technique of Formation Test-DST
20、,Controlled by raising and lowering pipestringMFE(Multi Flow Evaluator),Johnston companyHST(Hydraulic Spring Tester),Halliburton companyControlled by annulus pressurePCT(Pressure Controlled Tester),Johnston companyAPR(Annulus Pressure Responsive),Halliburton company,Commonly used test valves,Techniq
21、ue of Formation Test-DST,For open-holes and cased-holes,there are single-packer DST and straddle DST two commonly used operating ways.Single-packer DST(单封隔器测试)It is applicable for a single testing layer or multi-layer combined testing.Straddle DST(跨隔测试)It is applicable for a testing layer need to is
22、olate from other underlaid open layers by using two packers.,Commonly used operating ways of DTS,Technique of Formation Test-DST,Commonly used operating ways of DTS,SAWZ-2井测试管柱,The functions of different flow and shut-in periods,Initial flowTo release the higher pressure caused by overblance pressur
23、e of kill fluid during drilling and induce formation fluids to flow into the well.It takes 5-20 minutes normally.Initial shut-inTo buildup formation pressure after initial flow(a short term flowing,no much producing energy lost)to ensure the final pressure measured at this period approximate to init
24、ial formation pressure.,Initial flow,Initial shut-in,Technique of Formation Test-DST,valve opening,valve closing,Technique of Formation Test-DST,The functions of different flow and shut-in periods,Second flowFlowing enough time to ensure to obtain the data of formation fluids properties and producti
25、vity.Second shut-inRecording buildup pressure in a relative long term to ensure that formation parameters can be acquired by pressure records interpretation.,second flow,second shut-in,valve opening,valve closing,A:Initial pressure of kill fluid column,B1-C1:Initial flow,A-B1:Valve opening,C1-D1:Ini
26、tial shut-in,B2-C2:Second flow,C2-D2:Second shut-in,E:Final pressure of kill fluid column,Technique of Formation Test-DST,D1-B2:Valve opening,SAWZ-2井Ang.64层压力历史曲线,Technique of Formation Test-DST,Using pressure records,engineers can calculate following valuable formation parameters:K,S,DR,Jo,FE,Pi,d.
27、K(有效渗透率),the effective permeability of formation,it is represented for real flow capacity of formation fluids.S(表皮系数),the skin factor of formation adjacent well bore,it means the level of adjacent well bore formation damage.More higher S,more deeper level of formation damage.S less than zero means n
28、o formation damage.Ps=0.87mSDR(堵塞比)=(Pi-Pwf)/(Pi-Pwf-Ps),the damage ratio,ratio of actual producing pressure drop to theoretic producing pressure drop.More higher DR,more deeper level of formation damage.,Pressure records interpretation,Technique of Formation Test-DST,Jo(采油指数)=Q/P,the productivity i
29、ndex,the value of ratio of actual productivity to actual producing pressure drop.FE(流动效率)=(Pi-Pwf-Ps)/(Pi-Pwf),the flow efficiency,the value that results when the actual productivity index is divided by the productivity index predicted from Darcys law.Flow efficiency is greater than 1 in a stimulate
30、d well(skin 0)and less than 1 for a damaged well.Pi(原始地层压力),initial formation pressure,it is measured in initial shut-in period or extrapolated from Horner curve.d(边界距离),the distance from reservoir boundary.,Pressure records interpretation,Technique of Formation Test-DST,To test the possible hydroca
31、rbon zones in time during drilling operationsLeast influence on test result which caused by formation damage,the test result can reflect actual conditions of testing zones Least effect on pressure record which resulted in by wellbore storageShorter testing duration,Advantages of DST,WFT is a process
32、 to use wireline to convey pressure gauge and sample chamber into the well,measure formation pressure and collect formation fluids samples in place,make evaluation for formations properties,and provide the basis for making optimum well completion modes and development plan.It is the most direct meth
33、od of well logging for determining formation permeability.Comparing with DST,it is more convenient,quick,and cost-effective.,Technique of Formation Test-WFT,Technique of Formation Test-WFT,The first WFT tools was introduced by Schlumberger in the 1955,it has only one function of collect formation fl
34、uids sample;WFT tools with functions of pressure record and collect fluids sample;RFT(repeated formation tester,Schlumberger,1975)FMT(formation multi tester,Western Atlas,1980)SFT(selective formation tester,Halliburton)MDT(modular formation dynamics tester,Schlumberger,1990)The most commonly used te
35、sters are RFT and MDT.,1.locating(定位):locate RFT tool at depth of test point by GR or SP logging.2.setting(推靠):a backup shoe from the tool is pressed against the well wall to force a packer with a probe against the opposite wall,the probe penetrate mud cake into formation at the same time.3.pre-test
36、ing(预测试):formation fluids flow into pre-test chamber by drawdown pulse,and record pressure build-up and drop-off.,Technique of Formation Test-WFT,Operating procedure of RFT,4.sampling(取样):open sampling valve and fluids fill in sample chamber,then close the valve to collect fluids sample.5.retracting
37、(回缩):open pressure balance valve to release pressure,back up shoe and packer is retracted,and get ready for next test point.6.transferring sample(地面转样):when all the test point pre-testing have finished and two sample chamber have filled,pull the tools out of the well,transfer fluids sample from cham
38、bers.,Technique of Formation Test-WFT,Operating procedure of RFT,Technique of Formation Test-WFT,Probe,Packer,Back up shoe,Technique of Formation Test-WFT,The principle of MDT is similar to other conventional formation testers,but it is improved its components and method of interpretation and analys
39、is.As the name suggests,the MDT system is composed of a number of modules.It offers multiple sampling and rapid pressure measurement during a single trip.It can be configured to provide a range of options not previously available from a conventional tester.For example,by monitoring the fluid resisti
40、vity as it is drawn into the tool and rejecting contaminated fluid,the operator can ensure that only uncontaminated formation fluid samples are collected.By measuring pressure interference during drawdown,horizontal and vertical permeabilities can be determined.,MDT(Modular Formation Dynamics Tester
41、),Technique of Formation Test-WFT,This module provides the power to drive all the downhole electronics and a 1-kilowatt supply for the electrohydraulic system.,This module provides hydraulic power to the probe modules.,This module establishes pressure and fluid communication between the tool and the
42、 formation.,Added to the basic probe module,this creates a tool with three probesa sink for drawing fluid and two pressure-observation probes,the horizontal probe opposite the sink,and the vertical probe 70 cm 28 in.above the sink.,As the name suggests,this module pumps formation fluid that has ente
43、red the tool out into the borehole.The module is used to dump contaminated fluid prior to sampling.,This module has two packers,about 86 cm 34 in.apart.These are inflated by the pumpout module to isolate a zone of borehole from the column of mud.The packers allow zones to be tested where the probe c
44、annot seallike fractured and fissured formations.The larger area of reservoir isolated by the packers,compared to a probe,allows a greater flow rate to be achieved,increasing the depth of investigation to perhaps 30 m 100 ft.,This module is used to monitor fluids resistivity and analyse fluids prope
45、rties at real time,and ensure that actual fluids samples is collected.,This module provides 1-liter pressure drawdown tests with accurately controlled pressure or flow rate(1 mL/sec to 200 mL/sec).,Each of these modules can collect six 450-mL 0.12-gal samples,suitable for PVT(pressure-volume-tempera
46、ture)laboratory analysis,from one or more downhole locations during a single trip.,Technique of Formation Test-WFT,Technique of Surface Well Test,SWT is to use a set of equipments and tools to measure producing fluids productivity and properties on surface.It must need following requirement:1)can co
47、ntrol the pressure forced by flowing out fluids,2)can separate and meter oil,gas,and water respectively,3)can heat up producing fluids,4)can reduce producing fluids viscosity and make it flowing easily.,Fluids,water,Gas,Oil,Choke Manifold,Heater,Three-phaseSeparator,Three-phase Separator,Surge Tank,
48、TransferPump,Change-over Valve,Burner,ESD,Air compressor,Emergency Shut-down system,Flow Lines,Preventing Formation Damage during Testing,During well testing,unreasonable operations and techniques can cause formations to be damage.One common phenomenon of formation damages is permeability damage by
49、the permeability of formation adjacent well bore is declined and even lost completely.Another common phenomenon is reservoir structure damage by sand flow,rock framework collapse,it cause productivity energy lost and even no productivity in a well.Most formation damages can not be recovered naturall
50、y.,Negative pressure perforating can prevent kill fluid flow into formation,and also release skin damage caused by perforating compact.But over-negative pressure while perforating,may result in velocity sensitivity and stress sensitivity in formation,and cause formation damage severely.To determine
