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1、生物多样性保护重点与保护策略研究进展,马克平中国科学院植物研究所http:/http:/,DIVERSITAS is an international global change programme dedicated to biodiversity science,under the auspices of:,The Earth System Science Partnershipwww.ess-p.org,IGBP,WCRP,IHDP,DIVERSITAS,International Human Dimensions Programme,World Climate ResearchProg
2、ramme,International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme,International Programme of Biodiversity Science,What does DIVERSITAS do?,Provide common international framework for collaborative researchBuild scientific networksPromote standardised methodsGuide and facilitate global databasesPerform scientific syn
3、thesesBuild an important link with policy foraDIVERSITAS adds value to national research,DIVERSITAS:Structure,What biodiversity do we have?How is it changing?Why?,Integrate biodiversity science,linking biological,ecological,and social disciplines3 Core Projects,What are the impacts of biodiversity c
4、hanges on ecosystem functioning and services?,Develop the science of biodiversity conservation&sustainable use,DIVERSITAS Science Plan,Driversland/sea usebiological invasionspollutionclimate changesocio-economic,Biodiversity changes,Ecosystem goods&services,Human activitiesSocial,legal,economic,poli
5、tical motivators,Mountain bd Freshwater bd Agriculture&bdHealth&bd,Convetion on Biological Diversity,生物多样性保护重点地区确定的意义,Conservationists are far from able to assist all species under threat,if only for lack of funding.This places a premium on priorities:how can we support the most species at the least
6、 cost?One way is to identify biodiversity hotspots where exceptional concentrations of endemic species are undergoing exceptional loss of habitat.,Planning for BiodiversityStuart L.Pimm&John H.LawtonScience,1998,The most species-rich cells and those with the rarest species do not tend to coincide,My
7、ers,N.1988.Threatened biotas:hotspots in tropical forests.Environmentalist,8:187208 Myers,N.1990.The biodiversity challenge:expanded hotspots analysis.Environmentalist,10:243-256,The First Plan for International Hotspots Proposed by Norman Myers,18 International hot-spots(Myers et al,1988-1990),Biod
8、iversity Hotspots forConservation Priorities Norman Myers,Russell A.Mittermeier,Cristina G.Mittermeier,Gustavo A.B.da Fonseca&Jennifer Kent,NATURE|VOL 403|24 FEBRUARY 2000,25 International hot-spots(Myers et al,2000),Leading Hotspots in Terms of Endemism,Species/Area Ratios,Congruence between Plants
9、 and Vertebrate,International hot-spots(Myers et al,2000),热点地区的选择：特有性 1500种特有维管植物（世界植物总数的0.5%）鱼类以外的脊椎动物受威胁程度：原始植被的丧失率大于70%,Key Features forthe 25 International hot-spots(Myers et al,2000),15个地区：特有维管束植物2500种10个地区：特有维管束植物 5000种11个地区：原始植被丧失率 90%3 个地区：原始植被丧失率 95%25个热点地区：面积210万 km2（1.）的植物物种的脊椎动物物种（鱼类除外）原
10、始植被有已丧失个热点地区位于热带,Hotspots and the Conservation of Evolutionary History,Hotspots and the Conservation of Evolutionary History,Map of the top 25 biodiversity hotspots containing endemic primates.Hotspots with endemic species are labeled by name and colored corresponding to the scale with the amount of
11、 species evolutionary history in my.Species endemic to multiple hotspots were not used to calculate these amounts(for clarity),and hence the measure of endemic clade evolutionary history has not been included.,25个热点地区的人口密度,人口密度（人km-2)(平均值：42人km-2),人口年增长(平均值：1.3%),Key features of the Hotspots,The bio
12、diversity hotspots hold especially high numbers of endemic species,yet their combined area of remaining habitat covers only 2.3 percent of the Earths land surface.Each hotspot faces extreme threats and has already lost at least 70 percent of its original natural vegetation.Over 50 percent of the wor
13、lds plant species and 42 percent of all terrestrial vertebrate species are endemic to the 34 biodiversity hotspots.,WWF Global Eco-Regions,The Conservation Science Program has identified 825 terrestrial eco-regions across the globe,and a set of approximately 500 freshwater ecoregions is under develo
14、pment,WWF Eco-Regions,WWF Eco-Regions,The Methodology for Selecting The Global 200,Finally,ecoregions that represented the most distinctive examples of biodiversity for a given major habitat type were identified within each biogeographic realm.They were chosen based on the following parameters:speci
15、es richness endemism higher taxonomic uniqueness(e.g.,unique genera or families,relict species or communities,primitive lineages)extraordinary ecological or evolutionary phenomena(e.g.,extraordinary adaptive radiations,intact large vertebrate assemblages,presence of migrations of large vertebrates)g
16、lobal rarity of the major habitat type,A blueprint for a living planet,Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forest Ecoregions,Forests of the Upper Yangtze-A Global 200 Ecoregion,Daurian Steppe-A Global 200 Ecoregion,Daurian forest steppe,Mongolian-Manchurian grassland,Anthropoides virgo,The Global 200 refl
17、ects three major innovations,It is comprehensive in its scope-it encompasses all major habitat types including freshwater and marine systems as well as land-based habitats.It ranges from arctic tundra to tropical reefs,from mangroves to deserts,to include species from every major habitat type on Ear
18、th.,The Global 200 reflects three major innovations,It is representative in its final selection.The most outstanding examples of each major habitat type are included from every continent and ocean basin.Thus it includes,for example,the most important tropical and temperate forests from each continen
19、t,and the most important coral reefs from each ocean.,The Global 200 reflects three major innovations,It uses ecoregions as the unit of scale for comparison and analysis.Ecoregions are large areas of relatively uniform climate that harbour a characteristic set of species and ecological communities.B
20、y focusing on large,biologically distinct areas of land and water,the Global 200 sets the stage for conserving biodiversity.,中国自然保护空缺分析以林业系统为例,森林生态系统：343类华中，华南和东北草原、草甸生态系统：122类内蒙古东部、青海和西藏荒漠生态系统：49类内蒙古和新疆湿地生态系统：145类东北三江平原长江中下游沿海地区青藏高原冻原生态系统：15类 青藏高原农田生态系统城市生态系统,生态系统类型与分布,森林生态系统类型,(1)寒温性针叶林：44 类(2)温性针
21、叶林：9 类(3)温性针阔混交林：6 类(4)暖性针叶林：15 类(5)热性针叶林：1 类(6)落叶阔叶林：29 类(7)常绿落叶阔叶混交林：21 类(8)常绿阔叶林：40 类(9)硬叶常绿阔叶林：9 类(10)季雨林：12 类(11)雨林：12 类(12)珊瑚岛常绿林：5 类(13)竹林：36 类(14)灌丛和灌草丛：88 类,生态系统类型与分布,草地生态系统类型,(1)草甸草原：8 类(2)典型草原：16 类(3)荒漠草原：13 类(4)高寒草原：10 类(5)典型草甸：27 类(6)高寒草甸：17 类(7)沼泽化草甸：9 类(8)盐生草甸：20 类(9)稀树草原：2 类,生态系统类型与分
22、布,荒漠生态系统类型,(1)小乔木荒漠(2)灌木荒漠(3)半灌木与小半灌木荒漠(4)垫状小半灌木(高寒)荒漠,生态系统类型与分布,冻原和高山垫状生态系统类型(1)高山冻原：5类(2)高山垫状生态系统：10类,湿地生态系统,(1)森林沼泽：8类(2)灌丛沼泽：17类(3)草本沼泽：64类(4)藓类沼泽：8类(5)浅水湿地：7类(6)红树林：7类(7)灌丛盐沼：2类(8)草丛盐沼：9类(9)海草湿地：3类,生态系统类型与分布,优先森林生态系统分布,寒温带针叶林：大兴安岭山地温带针叶阔叶混交林：小兴安岭，完达山和长白山暖温带落叶阔叶林：华北平原，东北平原的南部等北亚热带落叶阔叶-常绿阔叶混交林：秦岭
23、南坡至大巴山以北的汉水流域亚热带常绿阔叶林：长江以南地区热带季节性雨林：云贵高原南缘热带雨林海南岛与云南西南部荒漠树林新疆塔里木盆地的河谷。准噶尔盆地，伊犁谷地等。,优先保护森林生态系统,优先草地生态系统分布,典型草甸高寒草甸沼泽化草甸盐生草甸温带草原高寒草原荒漠草原,优先保护草地生态系统,荒漠主要分布在中国的西北部，所占面积约占中国国土面积的15小乔木荒漠灌木荒漠半灌木小半灌木荒漠垫状小半灌木(高寒)荒漠。,优先保护荒漠生态系统分布,优先保护生态系统评价,灌丛沼泽 草本沼泽盐沼 湖泊湿地红树林,优先湿地生态系统分布,东北三江平原湿地大小兴安岭湿地长白山山地湿地东北平原东北部湿地辽河平原及环渤
24、海湾湿地长江河源区及青海湖湿地四川北部若尔盖湿地长江中下游湿地珠江三角洲新疆天山和阿尔泰山及山间盆地海南沿海湿地,优先保护生态系统评价,黄河长江源头地区珠江源头地区,黑龙江源头地区松花江源头地区长江源头地区雅鲁藏布江源头地区塔里木河源头地区黑河源头地区,特殊生态服务功能,优先保护生态系统评价,物种就地保护空缺性分析252种调查动物，还未建保护区的全国还有243个县,有3种动物分布而未建保护区的有17个县在32种珍稀动物中,有2种以上分布但未建保护区或没有国家级保护区的有169县189种调查植物中,数量稀少39种,还有25%未就地保护;只有1个分布点的49种,有4种还未就地保护,基于1999年国
25、务院公布的国家重点保护植物名录（第一批）中246种林业系统主管的国家重点保护植物分析，得到分布的密度等级图,生态系统保护区分析,生态系统保护区现状分析,优先保护生态系统类型未得到全面的保护：在128类优先保护的生态系统受国家级自然保护区保护的101类，占78.9未受国家级自然保护区保护27类，占21.1,优先保护生态系统保护现状评价,生态系统保护区现状分析,生态系统保护区现状分析,基于1999年国务院公布的国家重点保护植物名录（第一批）中246种林业系统主管的国家重点保护植物分析，在自然保护区外分布的物种数量示意图自然保护区保护空缺,扩建：3个升级：25个新建：3个,生态系统保护区规划,Bio
26、diversity and Biosafety Group,生物多样性方向,Biodiversity,Mapping plot,China Flora Base,Invasive species,SEBF restoration,Pollen and vegetation,中国植物空间格局分析,对东灵山5公顷落叶阔叶林固定样地资料的分析表明，三个物种不同的更新策略在调整它们空间分布格局的过程中有重要作用，而且白桦(Betula platyphylla)和辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)在成树阶段的竞争也有助于这些群落格局的形成。白桦和辽东栎更新的局限性可能会影响这些种的维持
27、和森林的长期动态。成果主要发表在Journal of Vegetation Science,Plant Ecology，Forest Ecology and Management等刊物上。,中国森林多样性动态监测网络,牵头建设中国森林多样性动态监测网络。正在建设20-25公顷固定观测样地4个（吉林长白山、浙江古田山、广东鼎湖山和云南西双版纳），5公顷固定观测样地4个（北京东灵山、四川都江堰、浙江古田山和百山祖），1公顷固定观测样地2个（湖北神农架、四川都江堰）。,长白山温带阔叶红松林样地（25公顷）,西双版纳热带雨林（20公顷）,古田山常绿阔叶林 样地（24公顷）,中国森林多样性监测网络,鼎湖
28、山常绿阔叶林（20公顷）,东灵山,都江堰,古田山,百山祖,China Initiative:Forest Biodiversity Monitoring Network in Temperate Eurasia,Keping MaInstitute of BotanyThe Chinese Academy of SciencesE-mail:http:/,Forest Biodiversity Monitoring Network in Eurasia,Subtropical evergreen forest(5)Guangdong,Yunnan,Zhejiang&Taiwan(China),
29、and JapanWarm temperate deciduous forest(2)Beijing(China)&JapanTemperate deciduous forest(1)Cold temperate deciduous forest(1),Larix gmelinii forest(1)Larix sibirica forest(1)Pinus sibirica forest(1)Abies sibirica forest(1)Pinus sylvestris forest(1)Picea abies forest(1)Fagus sylvatica forest(1)Querc
30、us patraea forest(2),Forest Biodiversity Monitoring Network in Eurasia,BioTemp,China Flora Base 数据平台,为了在全国尺度上探讨植物多样性的空间格局，正在建设中国植物区系平台(China Flora Base)，其中中国木本植物数据库已有近20万条数据、植物标本数据库已有75万条数据。,生物标本标准化整理、整合及共享试点,国家科技基础条件平台项目申请报告,2004-2006,标准与规范的制订,规范化整理,建立数据库,共享平台建设,主要工作内容,通过种间关系探讨生物多样性维持机制,发现常绿阔叶林不同演替
31、阶段的4个树种与马尾松之间存在明显的相互作用：马尾松与枹栎之间存在互利关系、盐肤木与马尾松之间存在利害关系、马尾松与楤木之间为互害关系、栓皮栎与马尾松之间存在偏害关系等。通过一种新的微生物群落水平代谢活性的测定方法BIOLOG，采用神经网络自组织图谱方法分析,揭示了土壤微生物群落及其C源利用类型与上述植物之间相互作用的关系。同时揭示了几类主要外生菌根真菌个体的空间分布格局与其遗传距离的关系及其与宿主植物空间格局的关系，以及几类主要外生菌根真菌种群遗传结构的时间变化规律。有关研究结果发表在Mycorrhyza等刊物上。,种间互作与森林更新实验,马尾松-楤木-,植物与植物,栓皮栎-马尾松0,按照土
32、壤细菌活性共位群进行SOM数据分析,细菌群落分布与培养时间(3d或6d)SOM图谱,及K-均值算法得出1-6类别,P:马尾松Q:枹栎S:盐肤木PQ:马尾松+枹栎PS:马尾松+盐肤木a,b,c为三次重复,PQ利用酚类物质PS利用羧酸类化合物Q利用糖类化合物,植物-微生物,跟踪研究几类主要外生菌根真菌的空间分布、种群遗传结构与生活史,紫茎泽兰入侵生态学研究,紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）在我国的分布范围已基本查清，即广泛分布于西南地区的云南、四川、贵州、广西，重庆、西藏、台湾和湖北的少数地点也已经发现紫茎泽兰的分布，迄今为止，已知分布范围达8省区及直辖市，191个县（市）。有关结果即将发表在Weed Science,Weed Research,科学通报等刊物上。,目前的分布和入侵历史,至今已知分布范围达6省区及直辖市,191县(市)(不包括湖北省秭归县和西藏聂拉木县),将来的潜在分布区预测,Biodiversity and Biosafety Group,主要研究方向及其相互关系,Biosafety,Biodiversity,Dendrochronology,
