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1、刑事被害人权利救济研究 刑事被害人权利救济研究 The Study on the Right Relief of the Criminal Victim 【摘要】 21世纪是人权保障的世纪,自从上世纪被害人在国家视野中“苏醒”以来,被害人权利救济问题得到了各国司法制度的回应,刑事被害人权利保障的国际标准正在逐步形成。以司法改革和刑事诉讼法修改为契机,我国也正在以积极的态度做出各种努力向被害人权利救济的国际标准靠拢。被害人受犯罪行为侵害后有产生基本利益需求,即惩罚犯罪和经济求偿。被害人实现权利救济的历史可以分为私力救济和公力救济,而现代社会下公力救济则注重被害人权利的实现,通过赋予资格、体现利益
2、,实现在刑事程序等救济机制中利益的实现。权利救济的基本原理分为人权保障原理、刑事救济原理和程序正义原理;被害人是刑事诉讼人权保障的主体之一;刑事救济原则要求不单单只是国家权力主导刑事诉讼,更要求国家建立救济机制保障被害人的经济利益;程序正义则要求保障被害人在诉讼中的诉讼权利。世界主要国家被害人权利救济,即被害人立法实践、也有诉讼中享有充分的诉讼权利,更有被害人国家救助制度,以满足被害人惩罚犯罪和经济求偿的双重利益需求。对我国而言,这些构成了可资借鉴或移植的“域外经验”。在现行救济机制和司法体制下,由于观念层面认识不足、立法水平不高和司法上的问题,我国的被害人权利救济还存在不足之处,首先是被害人
3、刑事诉讼权利不足,与当事人地位不符;其次是经济上的求偿实现有限。在现代社会的公力救济中,被害人在刑事诉讼中角色不能缺位,而且国家对被害人的责任不能缺失,被害人权利救济机制需要回应被害人的利益需求。我国刑事被害人权利救济的完善应该在贯彻惩罚犯罪与保障人权相统一、域外经验与本土资源相结合的理念基础上,实现“三化”,即当事人化、求偿国家化和权利宪法化,可视为我国刑事被害人权利救济的三步走方【Abstract】 The 21st century is the century of human right protection. The right of the criminal victim had
4、been responded by national justice system, since it woke up form the vision of the country last century, and the international standards of the criminal victim right protection are gradually taking shape. Taking judicial reform and amendment of the Code of Criminal Procedure opportunity, our China a
5、re making every efforts with positive attitude to move closer to the international standards of right relief for the criminal victim.After the crime against, the criminal victim have two basic interests which are punishing the offenders and achieving economic claims. The history of the realization o
6、f the right of criminal victim can be divided into the time of private relief and the time of public relief, and the public relief in modern society emphasizes on the full realization of the right of the criminal victim by given to eligible and reflecting the interests, that is to say, achieving the
7、 interests through relief mechanism like the criminal procedure and so on. The protection of human rights, criminal relief and procedural justice are the basic principles of the right relief. The criminal victim is one of the main bodies of human rights protection through criminal procedure, and the
8、 principle of criminal relief calls for the state power not only guides the criminal procedure, but also establishes relief mechanism, which can protect the economic claims of the criminal victim. The procedural justice calls for protecting the procedural rights of the criminal victim in lawsuit. Th
9、e right relief of the criminal victim in the major countries of the world has something in common to meet their interest demands. These legislative practices, enjoying full rights in lawsuit and national aid are the extraterritorial experience which can be used for reference and transplanted by our
10、China.Under existing relief mechanisms and judicial system, the right relief of the criminal victim in our China has some shortages due to some reasons including the inadequacy of notion, the low level of legislation and problems in judicature. First of all, the procedural rights of the criminal vic
11、tim in lawsuit are so limited that can not correspond with the criminal victim s status. Then, the realization of economic claims is limited too. The public relief in modern society, we should stress that the status of the criminal victim in criminal procedure can not be absent, and the responsibili
12、ty of states for the victim can not be missed. The relief mechanism for the rights of the victim needs to response to the demand of the interests of victim. The perfecting of the right relief of the victim of our China should carry out the harmonize of the punishment and the protection, the combinat
13、ion of the extraterritorial experience and the native resources, and fulfill the procedural rights of the victim corresponding with the criminal victim s status, establishing national compensation and the right of victim becoming constitutional rights.【关键词】 刑事被害人; 权利救济; 国家救助; 宪法化 【Key words】 Crimina
14、l victim; Right relief; National compensation; Constitutionalization 刑事被害人权利救济研究摘要 6-7 Abstract 7-8 第1章 绪论 11-17 1.1 论文的研究背景和研究意义 11-14 1.2 论文的研究方法及主要内容 14-17 第2章 刑事被害人权利救济的一般理论问题 17-30 2.1 刑事被害人权利概述 17-23 2.1.1 刑事被害人的概念 17-19 2.1.2 刑事被害人权利的概念 19-23 2.2 刑事被害人权利救济的历史分析 23-26 2.2.1 私力救济时期的被害人权利救济 24 2
15、.2.2 公力救济时期的被害人权利救济 24-26 2.3 刑事被害人权利救济的理论基础 26-30 2.3.1 人权保障原理 26-27 2.3.2 刑事救济原理 27-28 2.3.3 程序正义原理 28-30 第3章 刑事被害人权利救济的比较研究 30-39 3.1 联合国关于刑事被害人权利保障的基本准则 30-32 3.2 英美法系刑事被害人权利救济 32-34 3.2.1 英国 32-33 3.2.2 美国 33-34 3.3 大陆法系被害人权利救济 34-36 3.3.1 德国 34-35 3.3.2 法国 35-36 3.4 折衷之日本被害人权利救济 36-37 3.5 刑事被害
16、人权利救济比较研究之总结 37-39 第4章 我国刑事被害人权利救济的现状探析 39-46 4.1 我国刑事被害人权利救济的现状分析 39-43 4.1.1 刑事程序中诉讼权利不足 40-42 4.1.2 被害人经济求偿实现有限 42-43 4.2 我国刑事被害人权利救济现状的原因探究 43-46 4.2.1 观念层面认识不够 43-44 4.2.2 立法技术水平不高 44-45 4.2.3 司法中存在的问题 45-46 第5章 完善我国刑事被害人权利救济的思考 46-56 5.1 完善我国被害人权利救济应贯彻的理念 46-48 5.1.1 惩罚犯罪与保障人权相统一 47 5.1.2 域外经验与本土资源相结合 47-48 5.2 完善我国被害人权利救济的具体建议 48-56 5.2.1 完善被害人诉讼权利实现当事人化 48-51 5.2.2 建立被害人国家救助实现求偿国家化 51-53 5.2.3 提升被害人权利位阶实现权利宪法化 53-56 结论 56-57 致谢 57-58 注释 58-66 参考文献 66-69 攻读硕士学位期间发表的论文 69
