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1、1性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外的一切成分。,非谓语动词,2形式,不定式 相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。动名词 相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语.分词 相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语。,一 动词不定式,The Infinitive,(to do),不定式的作用,不定式的时态,不定式的语态,不定式,1.主语2.宾语3.宾语补足语4.表语5.定语6.状语,1._(talk)with him is a great pleasure.2.
2、_(help)others is our duty.,To talk,To help,3.如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由 for 引起的短语,构成不定式的复合结构。,2.不定式作主语时,可以用it作形式主语.,It is our duty to help others,4.It is+adj+for sb to do It is+adj+of sb to do,4.It is important _ Tom to get that job.It is kind _ you to help me with my,for,of,1不定式作主语：,3.It is easy
3、_ _(学生读),(adj:kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,stupid,foolish,careless,rude,polite,naughty,（修饰人的形容词）,（修饰物的形容词）,1.单个不定式作主语，谓语动词单数,for the students to read.,1.Her work is _(look)after the children.2.My aim is _(go)to TsingHuaUniversity.3.She seemed _(think)about the problem.4.They appeared _(ag
4、ree)with what we said.,to look,to go,to think,to agree,2不定式作表语,不定式作be动词的表语时可以和主语部分调换，说明主语的内容。,：want,demand,hope,wish,expect,fail,help,offer,manage,pretend,promise,prepare,learn,agree,plan,determine,prefer,intend.,1.They wanted _(get)on the bus,didnt they?2.He said he wished _(be)a professor.3.I agre
5、ed_(go)there with the doctor.4.He had promised _(give)me a hand.,to get,to be,to go,to give,3不定式作宾语：,1.He found _Russian.(study/important)2.The computer makes_(possible/calculate faster),如作宾语的不定式有自己的补语，须用先行词 it作 形式宾语，而将真正的宾语不定式后置。,有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的动词有,it important to study,it possible to calculate
6、faster.,句式：Subject+v+it+adj/n+to do,think,find,feel,consider,make,1.He seldom comes except _at my pictures.(look)2.We have no choice but _outside.(wait)3.They could do nothing but _for help.(ask),不定式一般不能作介词的宾语，只有在极少数介词如：but,except等后才行，此时不定式可带 to 或不带 to。,注意,to look,to wait,ask,5看（look at,see,watch,no
7、tice,observe）3使（make,let,have）；2听（listen to,hear）；1感觉（feel）。,1.The teacher made the boy_(go)out of the classroom2.We observed them_(finish)the work3.He was made_(tell)a story4.Let us_(have)a rest.5.The teacher got the students _(hand)in homework.,“吾看三室两厅一感觉”,主动语态 s+v+sb+do.被动语态。S+be+v ed+to do,A 1.I
8、 didnt want my parents _(help)me.2.Wed prefer you _(take)the job instead of Zhang.,B,4.不定式作宾语补足语,.+V+sb to do,go,have,to hand,to tell,to help,to take,finish,let sb do sth get sb to do sth,1.He was the first person_to the classroom(come)2.Do you have anything_?(say)3.He thought out a plan _(punish)To
9、m.,to say,to come,to punish,4.We need a room to live,5.We have a lot of problems to talk,作定语的不定式如是不及物动词，不定式后面须有相应的介词。,5.不定式作定语,in,about,目的状语还可用 in order to 或so as to结果状语还可用 soas to,suchas to,enough to,tooto,only to等结构来表示,_(save)the badly sick lady,the doctor had an operation on her.2.He hurried to t
10、he station only _(find)the train left.,不定式在作表语/补语的形容词后面作状语，用主动形式表被动意思。,This question is difficult _(answer).Do you think him easy_(work)with?We find this rule hard _(remember),6.不定式作状语,To save,to find,作目的、结果要用不定式。,to answer,to work,to remember,1._(实话实说),he doesnt agree with you.2.（诚实说)，I dont like y
11、our idea,To tell(you)the truth,To be honest,3._（首先），Beijing is a very beautiful city。,7.不定式作独立成分,To begin with,8.不定式与疑问词who,which,when,where,how,what 等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语，表语，宾语等。,He didnt know what to say.2.How to solve the problem is important.3.My question is when to start.,1.I saw him_.,2.I plan to
12、 attend the meeting_ tomorrow,4.Im sorry _ you waiting.5.The article is said _ by many people.,go out,to be held,3.He pretended _(sleep)when I came in.,to be sleeping,to have kept,to have been read,9.不定式的时态与语态：,1）不定式的一般式：不定式表示的动作常与谓语的动作同时（或几乎同时）发生，或在它之后发生。,2）不定式的进行式：不定式表示的动作正在进行,3）不定式的完成式：不定式的动作发生在谓
13、语动词之前。,to do/to be done,to be doing,to have doneto have been done,v-ing,二 动名词,Gerund,动词的-ing,现在分词 动名词,在句中可以做：主语，表语，宾语，补语，定语和状语,千万要注意V-ing形式的规则哟！,不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，可以有自己的宾语和状语。还有时态和语态的变化。,一：简介 v+ing,时 态 和 语 态,二、功能及用法(作主语),1)学习新单词对我来说非常重要。_ is very important for me2)说比做容易。_ is easier than doing.,Learn
14、ing new words,Talking,3)和夏洛克争辩是没有什么用的。_ with Shylock,It is useless trying to argue,用形式主语it，把真正的主语动名词结构移置句尾。但这种句子形式有一定的限制，作表语的只能是某些形容词或少数名词，如useful，useless，good，fun；no use，a waste of等。如：,动名词直接置于句首主语的位置上。,1作主语.动名词作主语时，句子有三种形式：,1)这种事开不得玩笑。Here is _ about such matter.2)无法知道他什么时候离开。There was _ when he wo
15、uld leave.,二、功能及用法(作主语),no joking,no knowing,在there be结构中作主语，这种结构的意思相当于“It is impossible to do”如,There is no doing：,V-ing 做主语,_(play)with fire is dangerous.Be careful!_(play)with fire will be dangerous.,to do or v-ing?,Playing,To play,_(swim)is good for our health._(swim)in this river is not allowed
16、,Swimming,To swim,表示一般或抽象的多次行为,具体的或一次性的动作,她的业余爱好是画画。我的工作就是照顾这些孩子。,1.Her hobby is_,2.My job is_,painting,looking after the children.,-ing形式作表语表示主语的内容，表示与主语一样的事情或情况,二、-ing形式作表语,3.Our tast is studying English well,Studying English well is our tast,二、功能及用法(用作宾语),looking for,I cant avoid_,Have you consid
17、ered _ one special friend?,1)我不能不去。,2)你是否考虑过找一位挚友?,(一).（1）只能后接动名词作宾语的动词，常见的有avoid，consider，enjoy，keep，finish，suggest，dislike，delay，escape，cannot help，imagine，mind，miss，practise，cannot stand等。如：,(一)有些动词只能后接动名词作宾语；(二)有些动词既可后接动名词也可接不定式作宾语。（有区别）(三)有些动词既可后接动名词也可接不定式作宾语.（没大区别）,going,三。动名词作宾语,有三种情况。,常跟动词in
18、g作宾语的动词歌诀:,考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想，避免错过继续练，否认完成停能赏，不禁介意准逃亡，不准冒险凭想象。,consider,suggest/advise,look forward to,excuse,pardon admit,delay/put off,fancy avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practise deny,finish,stop,enjoy/appreciate cant help,mind,allow/permit,escape forbid,risk,imagine,（2）.只接v-ing作宾语的常见动词短语,1.He devoted his
19、 time to _(teach)2.I am looking forward to _from you(hear),teaching,hearing,insist on,object to,be good at,lead to,put off,give up,feel like,look forward to,devote to,be worth,devote to,get used to,pay attention to,动词forget,go on,mean,regret,remember,stop,try,be used to,cant help forget,regret,remem
20、ber 后跟动名词，动名词表示已经发生的动作；后跟不定式表示将要发生的动作。,(二)有些动词既可后接动名词也可接不定式作宾语。（有区别）,I forgot _to her.(我忘了曾经给她写过信）I forgot _her about it.我忘了要告诉。）I remember_ you somewhere in biejing.（see）Remember _me tonight.(call)He regretted_ in the exam.(cheat)I regret _that we cant stay here any longer(say),writing,to tell,seei
21、ng,to call,cheating,to say,1.He stopped _and have a rest.(smoke)2.He really must stop_3.I once tried _French(learn)4.Lets try _at the back door.(knock)5.I didnt to mean _your feeling.(hurt)6.This word means _out at once.(set)7.I cant help _the room.for I am too busy(clean)8.After hearing the joke,we
22、 cant help _(laugh)9.Water is uesed to _flowers(water)10.I am used to _early.(get)11.Though it rained,they went on_.(work)12.We have finished Part 1.Lets go on _P 2(Learn),to smoke,smoking,to learn,knocking,to hurt,setting,clean,laughing,water,Getting up,working,to learn,(三)有些动词既可后接动名词也可接不定式作宾语.（没大区
23、别）,1.一些表示喜好或开始动作的动词like,love,hate,prefer,intend,begin,start continue等，用不定式做宾语和v+ing形式做宾语，意义相差不大,1.I started _(work)here two years ago.2.I intended _a poem in English.(write)3.They prefer _(spend)their summer vacation in the country.,2.need/want/require/deserve doing sth.=need/want/require/deserve to
24、 be done.,4.We need _ friends(have)5.My hair needs_(cut)6.My hair needs_.,to have,cutting.,to be cut,building materials=drinking water=a reading room=,materials for building 建筑材料,water for drinking 饮用水,a room for reading 阅览室,a writing desk cooking salt a dancing hall a meeting room an oprating table
25、 a sleepping car,opening speechSpending money awashing machine,动名词一般只能做前置定语，说明被修饰名词的作用和用途，多数时候可以换成for引导的短语:如：,四、-ing形式作定语,五：动名词复合结构：（表示动名词的动作是谁发出的）,1 is what we have expected.（Tom的到来）2.She didnt mind_（Jack来这）,Toms（His）coming,Jack/Jacks(him/his)coming here.,动名词复合结构：作主语时，须用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人
26、称代词宾格。,1.We are interested in _(play)chess,2.He was afraid of _(leave)at home.,4.The house showed no sign of _(damage),3.Im sorry for not _(keep)my promise,六：动名词的时态和语态,1）动名词的时态：一般式和完成式,2）动名词的语态,playing,being left,having kept,having been damaged,doing being donehaving done having been done,现在分词,过去分词,
27、Participles,三,V-ing,V-ed,1.作状语,2.作定语,3.作表语,4.作补语,现在分词,过去分词,falling leaves fallen leaves boiling water boiled waterdeveloping countries developed countries,一：分词做定语,表所修饰名词的性质、特征和状态。,正在下落的树叶,沸腾的水,发展中国家,已经落下的树叶,烧开过的水,发达国家,不及物动词的现在分词做定语，表示动作正在发生,不及物动词的过去分词做定语，表示动作已经发生。,（一）,The houses _in 2000 are for the
28、 teachers.,The workers _the houses are from countries.(build),及物动词的doing作定语,表动作正在进行；与所修饰的名词是主动关系,及物动词的done作定语,表动作已经完成；与所修饰的名词是被动关系,（二）,The girl let out a_ cry at the sight of the snake.,His _shout scared the boys.(frighten),building,built,frightened,frightening,看到蛇，女孩尖叫起不。,他大吼一声把那帮男孩给吓跑了。,1)单个-ing形式
29、作定语时,放在所修饰的名词之前,-ing形式短语作定语时,放在所修饰的名词之后,并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。如：They lived in a room facing the street.=They lived in a room that faces the street.他们住在一间面朝街的房子。The man standing there is Peters father.=The man who is standing there is Peters father.站在那儿的那个人是彼得的父亲。,Attention,1.The student _the experiment is
30、 our monitor.(make),Attention,making,2)V-ing,过去分词，不定式做定语时的区别：,4.The meeting _now is very important.,2.The meeting _yesterday is very important.,3.The meeting _tomorrow is very important.,held,to be held,being held,Explain the following phrases in simple English.,A bag for sleeping,A boy that is slee
31、ping,A cup fordrinking,A horse that is drinking,A hall for dancing,A girl that is dancing,A pot for cooking,A story that is moving,A machine for washing,A sound that is terrifying,A table for operating,A leader who is inspiring,The news is _.（令人鼓舞）He is _.(感到惊讶）,inspiring,surprised.,二：分词做表语,作表语时或定语时
32、，现在分词表示“令人”修饰物 过去分词“感到”，修饰人常见的有下列动词：move,surprise,astonish,delight,comfort,disappoint,puzzle,frighten,an exciting voice 令人兴奋的声音 an excited voice 兴奋的声音a puzzling look 令人迷惑不解的表情 a puzzled look 困惑的表情,-ing形式作表语时放在系动词之后，用来泛指某种动作或行为，以说明主语的身份、性质或情况。如：,The news is_.We are _at the news(excite),exciting,excit
33、ed,三：分词做宾语补语,“吾看三室两厅一感觉”,3.Listen to the birds _(sing)4.I often hear this song _5.I saw the boy _(punish)by the teacher.,singing.,sung,punished,以上动词和find,keep,have等词可用现在分词作宾语补足语,除let,make 外.（5+3+2+1-2+3）：也可以用过去分词作宾语补足语，。如：,cooking,cooked,1.I found him_ supper（cook）.,2.I found supper _ when I got hom
34、e.,5看（look at,see,watch,notice,observe）；3使（make,let,have）；2听（listen to,hear）；1感觉（feel）。,make sb doing let sb doing,四：分词做状语,When they heard the news,they got excited,Hearing the news,they got excited.(时间),If we were given more time,we would be able to do the work better,Given more time,we would be ab
35、le to do the work better.（条件）,1.The students went out of the classroom,_（说说笑笑）(talk)2.He entered the room,_(后面跟着女朋友）(follow),talking and laughing,followed by his girlfriend,Because he had visited the city many times,he offered to be our guide.,Having visited the city many times,he offered to be our
36、guide.（原因）,Because she had been bitten by a snake,she was frightened at it.,Having been bitten by a snake,she was frightened at it.(原因),分词做状语形式,现在分词的完成式,现在分词完成被动式,_by so many people,he didnt know what to say.,_the teacher,all the students stood up.（see),Being watched,Seeing,分词的一般式,_her address,we ca
37、nt get in touch with her.,4.否定式在V-ing前加上not,警示语要直接在V-ing前加no,Not knowing,No parking/smoking/spitting.,分词的否定式,Summary,意 义,现在分词,过去分词,充当的成分,表语,定语,状语,宾语补足语,与句中主语是主动关系,与句中主语是被动关系,与所修饰的名词是主动关系,与所修饰的名词是被动关系,与宾语是主动关系,与宾语是被动关系,与句中主语是主动关系,与句中主语是被动关系,有些分词短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：Generally speaking 一般说来Frankly speaking 坦白地说Judging from 根据来判断Considering 考虑到To tell you the truth 说实话Compared to/with 和相比,分词做状语,
