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1、名词的分类,可数名词变复数注意事项,不可数名词,名词的格,名词的分类,可数名词,不可数名词,集体名词,个体名词,物质名词,抽象名词,普通名词,专有名词,teacher,bus,.,people,crew,.,rice,air,water,knowledge,friendship,名词,China,Bill Gates,the Great Wall,Proper Nouns:指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称,Eg:Diana;Beijing;Americans;English;May;New Years Day,注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写,Common Nouns：专有名词以外的名词都
2、是普通名词,1。Individual Nouns:指作为个体而存在的人或东西。,可以指具体的人或物。Eg:aunts;a panda;apartments,也可指抽象东西。Eg:a year;fairy tales;a dream,2.Collective Nouns:表示由个体组成的集体。,Eg:army;audience;crew;family;team;police;government;public,集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。,Eg:His family isnt large.,Cf:His family are all
3、 music lovers.,在不少情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。,Eg:The audience was(were)excited by the show.,有少数集体名词通常用作单数。,Eg:The gang is being hunted by the police.,Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.,个别集体名词则多作复数看待。,Eg:The police are looking for him.,3.Material Nouns:指无法分为个体的东西。,Eg:beer;cake;cloth;cotton;d
4、etergent(清洁剂);fur;ice;paint;paper;soil,一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：,1)有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”,Eg:Two strong black coffees,please.(两份）,Three beers,please.(三杯）,It was a special tea.(一种）,2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。,Eg:rains（雨季）snows(积雪）waters(海域),4.Abstract Nouns:表示一些抽象的概念。,Eg:education;love;po
5、licy;trust;nature;fashion;relief;silence;truth,etc.,多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。,Eg:Hes learning French for fun.,I wish you good luck.,有时也可以加冠词。,He works hard for the welfare of the poor.,After a brief peace,war broke out again.,有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。,glass(玻璃)copper(铜)tin(锡)paper(纸)iron(铁)wood(木头)gold(金子
6、)youth(青春)power(力量)beauty(美)pleasure(愉快)relation(关系）,a glass(玻璃杯)a copper(铜币板)a tin(罐头，听头)a paper(报纸，证件，论文)an iron(熨斗)a wood(树林)a gold(金牌)a youth(年青人)a power(大国)a beauty(美人，美的东西)a pleasure(使人感到愉快的事)a relation(亲戚）,英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。,a poem(一首诗)a machine(一台机器)a job(一件工作)a laugh(一个笑声)a permit(许可证)a g
7、arment(一件衣裳)a bag(case)(一件行李)a loaf(一只面包)a hair(一根头发),poetry(诗歌总称)machinery(机器总称)work(工作)laughter(笑声)permission(允许)clothing(衣裳总称)luggage,baggage(行李)bread(面包)hair(头发),可数名词变复数的规则变化,一般在词尾加-s以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的加-es 以辅音字母加y结尾时，把y变成i，再加-es以f或fe结尾时，把f,fe改为v,再加es,变复数的几点注意项,以-o 结尾的名词加es在课本中出现的有Negro,hero,potat
8、o,tomato；其余以-o结尾的词加-s:(photo,piano,radio,bamboo,zoo,)有些以-f或fe结尾的词直接加-s(chief,cliff,belief,safe,gulf,roof,)以元音字母+y结尾的或专有名词以y结尾的直接加-s toys,Germanys,Henrys在大写字母及大写字母的缩写形式的复数中，加-s,如：three UFOs,但A、I的复数应在其后加s，如：There are two As in this word.小写字母及数字的复数形式应加s,如：two 6s three asstomach-stomachs,不规则变化,变内部元音。如：f
9、oot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,mouse-mice,man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen词尾加-en或ren。如：ox-oxen,child-children单复数相同。如：sheep,deer,aircraft,fish,steelworks,means,Chinese,Swiss,Japanese,.汉语音译词无复数形式。（表示度量衡，币制等单位的名词）如:five yuan,six jin,two jiao,“某国人”的复数形式：单、复数相同 Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,词尾加-s Afric
10、ans,Asians,Canadians,Australians,Italians,变man为men Englishman-Englishmen,Frenchman-Frenchmen 但：German-Germans,复合名词的复数,一般将主体名词变为复数。father-in-law fathers-in-law,passer-bypassers-by,looker-onlookers-on,editor-in-chief editors-in-chief无主体名词的在词尾加复数。如：grown-ups,good-for-nothings（无用的人），go-betweens（中间人），loo
11、k-outs（守望者）由man,woman,构成的复合名词应将前后两个词都变成复数。men-doctors,women-drivers,women-singersboyfriends,girlfriends,boy students,girl students,常作复数的或复数形式表特别意义的名词：glasses,trousers,gloves,shoes,scissors,socks,handcuffs(手铐),jeans(牛仔裤),earnings(薪水),savings（储蓄),findings（调查结果),clothes,surroundings（环境),greetings（致敬),g
12、oods,ruins,twins,resources,woods,forces(军队),arms(军火)，plastics（塑料制品）,manners(礼貌),greens(青菜),times(时代),sands(沙滩),works(工厂,作品）contents(内容),thanks,congratulations,tears,ashes,.,一些物质名词有时以复数形式出现，表示不同的类别。foods(各种食物),metals(各种金属),fruits(各种水果),fertilizers(各种化肥),silks(各种丝绸),teas(各种茶),在短语中用复数形式的名词。如：do exercis
13、es,take turns,take notes,make repairs,in high spirits,as follows,hurt ones feelings,in rags,in dozens，make friends with,shake hands with,在有些短语中，名词用单复数均可。如：make faces/a face,play jokes/a joke on sb.,have talkes/a talk with在有的短语中名词用单复数，意思有差别。如：have a word with sb.（同某人说句话），have words with sb.（同某人吵架）,不可
14、数名词的量的表达-“a(数词)+单位词+of”,表个数：piece(张，片，块，份)article(件)item(条）block(大块)set(台，套）sheet(张，块)如：some articles of furniture,four items of news以形状表个数：cake(块),bar(条),ear(穗),grain(粒),sheaf(捆),slice(薄片),pile(堆),loaf(块),flight(楼梯的一段),drop(滴)如：a bar of chocolate,two ears of corn,a grain of rice以容器表数量：cup,bowl,buck
15、et,box,spoonful(匙)以行为状态表数量：fit(一阵)flash(闪光，显露)ray(线)如：a fit of anger(一阵怒火），a flash of lighting(一道闪电),a ray of hope(一线希望),有些名词作不可数名词用时表抽象概念，与不定冠词连用或用作可数名词时表个体事物,beauty(美，美貌)-a beauty(一个美人或美物),danger(危险)a danger,failure(失败)a failure,honour(光荣)an honour(带来荣誉的人或事),must(必须)a must(一件必要的事或物),pity(遗憾)a pity
16、(一件可惜的事),(一件失败的事或一个失败的人),(一件危险的事或一个危险的人),service(服务)a service(一个服务机构),success(成功)a success,surprise(惊奇)a surprise(一件令人吃惊的事),pleasure(乐趣)a pleasure(一件有趣的事),worry(担心)a worry,experience(经验)an experience(一次经历),(一件成功的事或一个成功的人),(一件令人担心的事或一个令人担忧的人),名词的格,英语中的名词（代词）有三个格：主格、宾格、所有格所有格表示所有关系，修饰另一名词，作定语，它有两种形式：一
17、种是由名词词尾加s构成，另一种是由介词of加名词构成，前者多用来表示有生命的东西，后者多用来表示无生命的东西。,注意事项：,复合名词的所有格是在其词尾加“s”。如：his mother-in-laws photo the editor-in-chiefs opinion,2.末尾以s结尾的复数名词，在词尾加“”构成所有格。如：the teachers books 不以s结尾的复数名词，应在词尾加“s”,如：the childrens balls 以s结尾的单数名词的所有格有两种，加“”或“s”,如：my boss/bosss computer,3.如果一样东西为两人共有，则只在最后一个名词后加
18、“s”,如果是分别所有，则两个名词后都要加“s”。如：Tom and Marrys father,Toms and Marrys fathers4.在表示“某人家”、“店铺”的所有格时，一般省略它所修饰的名词。at the doctors,at the barbers,at Mr.Greens,to my uncles，at the tailors,5.有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加“s”来构成所有格。todays newspaper ten minutess walk Chinas industry the stations waiting-room,
19、6.在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常使用双重所有格，即“of词组+所有格”结构。这种结构带有一定的感情色彩，表示赞美、厌恶等。a friend of her mothers a few friends of Toms that book of Toms some daughter of Mr.Browns,7.名词原形直接作定语。（不表示所有关系）room number coffee cup shoe factory geography lesson colour film tooth brush power plant welcome party heart tro
20、uble food industry apple tree physics teacher 但：有的名词习惯于用复数作定语。parents meeting(家长会)goods train(货车)sales department(销售部)sports meet(运动会),名词所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns),some patterns:,Ill take the risk for friendships sake.She was at her wits end.Now they could sing at their hearts content.We shou
21、ld get the children out of harms way.We had best keep them at arms length.For goodness sake,stop arguing.Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat.,(为了友谊）,（黔驴技穷）,（很合算）,（尽情地）,（不受损害）,（保持距离）,（看在上帝的份上）,（很合算）,主谓一致,。语法形式上的一致（主单谓单；主复谓复）,。意义上的一致（主语形单意复，谓语用复数。Eg:people;police)（主语形复意单，谓语用单数。Eg:news;economics)
22、,3.就近原则：eitheror;neithernor;not onlybut also,4.单复数视情况而定。）集体名词作主语：强调整体，用单数；强调个体，用复数,）单复数同形名词作主语，按意义一致原则。Eg:means,species,）中心词是all,most,half,rest时，按意义一致原则。即主语单数意义，谓语用单数；主语复数意义，谓语用复数。,）主语是and连接两个名词时，指一样东西，谓语单数；指两样东西，谓语复数。Eg:A knife and fork is on the table.,5)代词作主语，取决于它代替的是单数还是复数。意义一致原则。Eg:ours,yours;s
23、uch,the same;who,that,which;any,either,neither,(单独作主语，谓语单数）none,all,some,more,）分数，量词，half of,part of作主语，于中心词保持一致。,）what 引导的主语从句。通常用单数；所指的具体内容为复数时，谓语用复数。,）主谓倒装，谓语与其后主语一致。,。谓语用单数的情况。,）名词所有格之后的名词被省略。（指商店，工场，住宅等）作主语。Eg:The doctors,my uncles,the bakers,2)中心词是时间、距离、金额、度量、书名等复数名词。Eg:three years;The selecte
24、d poems of Li Bai;,3)each,every,no 所修饰名词，即使以and 或逗号连接。Eg:each boy and each girl;every man and woman,4)主语有more than one;many a,5)a kind of;a pair of;a series of,6)This kind of,7)The number of,8)A great deal of;a large amount of+un,9)One and a half+可数名词复数eg:One and a half bananas is left on the table.
25、,10)The departed(死者）意义上指个体,11)the only one of+可数名词复数定语从句。从句中的谓语用单数。,。谓语用复数的情况。,）police,;people;cattle;militia(民兵）作主语。,）有两个部分构成的名词。（表示衣物或工具）eg:glasses;chopsticks,3)these kind of men（口语);men of this kind 作主语,）bothand.修饰主语,5)A number of;large quantities of;large amounts of修饰主语,）the+形容词作主语，一般情况下,）one of
26、 the+可数名词复数定语从句，从句中谓语动词用复数。,1.Try to learn these words by heart:(通常用于复数形式的词）,scissors剪刀;pants裤子;contents目录compasses两脚规;cords灯心絨裤;arms武器earphones耳机;pyjamas睡衣裤;ashes灰烬scales天平;overalls工装裤;tropics热带spectacles眼镜;braces背带;stairs楼梯nail-clippers指甲刀；slacks便装裤;brains头脑belongings所有物；savings积蓄；tidings消息doings行
27、为；writings作品；findings调查结果,五、名词的句法功能 1 在句中作主语 This book is very useful.这本书很有用。Mary is to meet you at the airport.玛丽将在机场接你。2 作表语 My brother is a worker.我弟弟是个工人 She is a writer.她是个作家。3 作宾语或宾补 He finished his task on time.他按时完成了他的任务。We made Tom our monitor.我们选汤姆为我们的班长（consider,elect,choose,think,find),4
28、 作定语 He got three gold medals at 23rd Olympic Games.他在第二十三届奥运会上取得了三块金牌。rain drops 雨点 colour film 彩色电影 注：名词作定语修饰名词，通常表示事物的属性、本质特征、内容、材料、目的等。这些形容词化的名词与形容词作定语在语义上有一定的区别。a golden medal 金色的奖牌（颜色，非材料）a gold medal 金牌（质地材料为金子）a colourful dress色彩鲜艳的女装（仅指颜色）a colour film 彩色电影（属性为彩色的）a coffee cup a letter box
29、a vegetable field a car factory,5 作状语 The meeting lasted two hours.会议持续了两个小时。Wait a moment.等一会儿。He was late for class this morning.今天早晨他上课迟到了。6 作同位语 Mr.Smith,our leader,is speaking now.史密斯先生，我们的领导，正在讲话。We students should study hard.我们学生应该努力学习。7 作称呼语 Come here,Mary.玛丽，到这儿来。Good morning,ladies and gen
30、tlemen.女士们，先生们，早上好。,例题,1.I wrote a letter to show my _ of his thoughtfulness.A.achievement B.agreement C.attention D.appreciation2.We all know that _ speak louder than words.A.movements B.performances C.operations D.action3.The new law will come into_ on the day it is passed.A.effect B.use C.service
31、 D.existence4.You will find this map of great _ in helping you get round London.A.price B.cost C.value D.usefulness,D,D,C,A,5.My parents always let me have my _ of living.A.way B.method C.manner D.fashion6.-Who did you spend last weekend with?-_.A.Palmers B.The Palmers C.The Palmers D.The Palmers7.Ill look into the matter as soon as possible.Just have a little _.A.wait B.time C.patience D.rest,A,C,C,
