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1、1,句子的交际功能分类,2,3,中考命题规律,4,陈述事实或看法的句子称为陈述句。陈述句又可分为肯定句和否定句，分别陈述肯定和否定的事实或看法。,肯定形式,否定形式,陈述句,5,陈述句的肯定形式,主语+谓语 主语：句子的主体，表示句子所说的是谁或是什么。主语一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。谓语：与主语密切相关的动作或状态，是对主语的叙述。用来说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语由动词来充当。1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成 2、复合谓语：一般由两个部分构成。如：“助动 词+实义动词”“情态动词+实义动词“系表结构”等。,6,我们怎么在v的地盘变否定句呢？,
2、vvvvv,smile、look、cry、play、buyrun、jump、swim、fly、eattake、sing、dance、watch.（行为动词）,小学阶段主要有：am、is、are（be动词）,do/does+not,+not,7,通过上面的图画你知道了吗？一个句子要变成否定句，要在动词（谓语）部分作变化哦！那么我们的句子的否定是不是只有2种变化呢？小心啦！还有can“能、会、可以”，这一类的情态动词，它们常常出现在前4种以行为动词为谓语的句型！,vvvv,smile、look、cry、play、buyrun、jump、swim、fly、eattake、sing、dance、wat
3、ch.（行为动词）,can/may.+not,8,所以，我们知道了，五大基本句型里有3种变否定句的形式！,实义动词的否定,情态动词can的否定,Be动词的否定,9,陈述句的否定形式,1、如果句子的谓语含有be动词（am,is,are,was,were）、助动词（will,shall,would,should,have,has,had）情态动词（can,may,must等），其否定形式是在它们之后加not构成。2、如果句子的谓语是实义动词，其否定形式是由“do/does/did+not+动词原形”构成。3、否定词no,never,hardly,seldom,little,few等也可以构成陈述句
4、的否定形式。,10,肯定句 变 否定句,1、含有some,something,somebody的肯定句变为否定句时，应把这些词分别改为any,anything,anybody.2、含有always是我肯定句变为否定句时，必须把always换成never.3、含有both,all,everything,everyone(everybody)的肯定句变为否定句时，必须把这些词分别改为neither,none,nothing,no one(nobody).4、当陈述句是“I think（认为）/believe（相信）.+宾语从句”时，若否定宾语从句，习惯上要将否定前移到主句的谓语动词think/be
5、lieve等前。即“I dont think/believe.+宾语从句”。,11,EXERCISE:将肯定陈述句变为否定陈述句,1.Some of us have finished it already.,2.I told somebody something.,3.I can understand both of these two questions.,4.There is someone doing research in this field.,5.I have quite a lot to do in the morning.,Some of us have not finishe
6、d it yet.,I didnt tell anybody anything.,I cannot understand either of these two questions,There isnt anybody doing research in this field.,I never have much to do in the morning.,12,一般疑问句,13,我们已经了解了五大基本句型，也知道怎样把句子变为否定句！同学们在这个过程中老师一直强调有一个很重要的东西叫什么呢？它在句子中处于什么样的地位呢？,这个很重要的东东叫“谓语（动词）”你记住了吗？谓语可以：区分句型变否定
7、还可以变问句哦！lets go！,14,今天我们要学习一个新的东西问句之一般疑问句什么是一般疑问句呢？回忆一下你在学校所学的关于提问的句子，你能发现什么？,（主谓）（主谓宾）（主谓宾宾补）（主谓间宾直宾）（主谓表）,如果我们把谓语V提到开头会出现什么呢？,15,句子就会以下面的形式开头,vvvvv,smile、look、cry、play、buyrun、jump、swim、fly、eattake、sing、dance、watch.（行为动词）,小学阶段主要有：am、is、are（be动词）,但是.句子不可以行为动词开头，不然就会天下大乱,它们都需要助动词do/does的帮忙！,16,除了以be动
8、词和助动词开头，我们在学习否定句时还提到过，句子里会出现情态动词can、may等,vvvv,smile、look、cry、play、buyrun、jump、swim、fly、eattake、sing、dance、watch.（行为动词）,can/may.,s,因此，我们的一般疑问句就会是这样：以be动词、助动词或情态动词开头；（为什么会以它们开头？）be动词（am、is、are、was、were）助动词（do、does、did、have、had）情态动词（can、must、will、may等）,17,特殊疑问句,18,什么是特殊疑问句？它和一般疑问句有什么异同？,观察下面中文句子！,他 喜欢
9、在家 晚上 玩游戏 一个小时,谁,在哪里,什么时候,做什么,多长时间,19,He likes to play game one hour at home at night,Does he like to play game one hour at home at night?,How long does he like to play game at home at night?,When does he like to play game one hour at home?,Where does he like to play game one hour at night?,What doe
10、s he like at home at night?,who likes to play game one hour at home at night?,他 喜欢 在家 晚上 玩游戏 一个小时,20,对比我们之前学习的一般疑问句，它们都是以什么开头的？,be动词（am、is、are、was、were）助动词（do、does、did、have、had）情态动词（can、must、will、may等）,所以，我们来总结一下吧！特殊疑问句：1、对句子的某个部分提问！2、以wh-词开头！这是它显著的两个特点哟！,21,疑问词 该选什么呢？,语序用什么语序,回答该怎么回答,特殊疑问句三关,注意：要联系
11、一般疑问句的1、找 2、提 3、换,22,特殊疑问词+一般疑问句语序？,特殊疑问句有两种语序：1、特殊疑问词+一般疑问句语序（对非主语提问）2、特殊疑问词+陈述语序（对主语提问）,特殊疑问词+be动词+主语+其他？eg:Why are you so happy?,23,24,刘健亮 0906102022,短短的大学四年就要过去了，不想和,大学说再见。珍惜校园自由的生活，但是,必须要走向社会，小刘加油！,概念：选择疑问句是说话人提出两种或两种以上的情况，询问对方选择哪一种。构成：选择疑问句中的选项用or连接。朗读：语调一般是第一种或前几种选择用升调，最后一种选择用降调。回答及注意事项：回答时选择
12、一种，不可用yes或者no作答。类型：,一般选择疑问句,特殊选择疑问句,25,刘健亮 0906102022,短短的大学四年就要过去了，不想和,大学说再见。珍惜校园自由的生活，但是,必须要走向社会，小刘加油！,结构：一般疑问句+AorB？例：Are you a worker or a doctor?Im a doctor.(句意:你是一个工人还是一个医生？我是一位医生。）Is it a pen or a pencil?Its a pen.(句意：这是一支钢笔还是一支铅笔？这是一支钢笔。）,26,刘健亮 0906102022,短短的大学四年就要过去了，不想和,大学说再见。珍惜校园自由的生活，但是,
13、必须要走向社会，小刘加油！,结构：which+一般疑问句？例：which occupation do you prefer？worker or a doctor?doctor.(句意:哪种职业你更喜欢？医生。）which do you like best？pen or a pencil?pen.(句意：你更喜欢哪一个？钢笔。）,27,反义疑问句,28,结构：,陈述句 简略疑问句“？”,YouarefromAmerica,arentyou?,陈述句,简略疑问句,陈述句,肯定句,否定句,否定疑问句,肯定疑问句,29,简略疑问句：,动词,主语,？,Be动词情态动词助动词,人称代词（主格）,注：简略问
14、句如果是否定式，not应与be，do，will等系动词、助动词、情态动词缩写,30,简略疑问句：,动词,主语,？,Be动词情态动词助动词,人称代词（主格）,注：简略问句如果是否定式，not应与be，do，will等系动词、助动词、情态动词缩写,31,32,特殊句型,在祈使句的反义疑问句后统一用 will you?当祈使句以lets 开头时,疑问句用shall we。,1.Speak louder,_?,3.Lets go home,_?,2.Dont be late,_?,注意：如果以let us 开头，疑问句部分仍然用 will you,Let us sing a song for you,
15、?,33,陈述部分是I am 或 Im 时，疑问部分用 arent I.,I am having an English lesson,_.,34,宾语从句中,以主句为准,但如果主语是第一人称I 或者We且谓语动词是think,believe,guess,suppose 时,以从句为准.,2.Heneversaidhe was a good student,_？,4.I dont believe he studies harder,?,3.I think you are right,_?,1.You told them Tom wouldnt come,_？,35,陈述部分主语是,everyon
16、e,everybody,someone,somebody,anybody,no one,nobody等时，疑问部分的主语用 they或he；,Everybody knows the answer,？或？,these，those时，疑问部分主语用 they,This is your book,？,Everything here is good,？,this，that时，疑问部分的主语用 it；,everything,something,nothing,anything 时，疑问部分用 it,These are your friends,？,36,Lets sum up the several d
17、ifferent kinds of theDisjunctive Questions.,37,一、问句部分与陈述部分主语不一致的情况：,somebodyeveryone等,_,_,38,39,Lets do some exercises,1.Mary has two brothers,_ _?,2.He hasnt a lot of time,_ _?,3.They all had a good time,_ _?,4.We have to get up early,_ _?,doesnt she,has he,didnt they,dont we,*,*,*,*,40,Lets do som
18、e exercises,5.We had better go right now,_ _?,6.He cant be a doctor,_ _?,7.He must be happy,_ _?,8.He needs help,_ _?,hadnt we,is he,isnt he,doesnt he,*,*,*,*,41,Lets sum up the several different kinds of theDisjunctive Questions.,42,二、问句部分和陈述部分谓语不一致的的情况：,43,44,Lets do some exercises,1.He is hardly
19、able to swim,_ _?,2.There is little ink in your pen,_ _?,3.The chair is uncomfortable,_ _?,4.He has nothing to say,_ _?,is he,is there,isnt it,does he,*,*,*,45,Lets sum up the several different kinds of theDisjunctive Questions.,46,三、问句的肯定或否定问题：,47,1).Im your friend,_ _?,2).There arent any books on
20、the desk,_ _?,3).Turn off the light,_ _?,4).Dont make a noise,_ _?,arent I,are there,will you,will you,Lets do some exercises,*,*,*,*,48,Lets do some exercises,6.Lets go for a walk,_ _?,7.Let us do it by themselves,_ _?,8.He says that I did it,_ _?,shall we,will you,5.Let him come in,_ _?,will you,d
21、oesnt he,*,*,*,*,49,Lets do some exercises,9.I dont think Mary is coming tomorrow,_ _?,10.She thinks she can get there on time,_ _?,is she,doesnt she,*,*,50,Lets sum up the several different kinds of theDisjunctive Questions.,51,四、一些特殊的附加疑问句：,52,53,五、反意问句的回答：,1、-You didnt go to his birthday party la
22、st night,did you?-_,though I wasnt busy.,Yes,I did B.No,I didnt C.Yes,I didnt D.No,I did,B.No,I didnt,2.You have no classes on Saturday,do you?,A.,we do,B.,we dont,Yes,No,54,1.Some plants never come out,_ _?2.We have to get there at eight tomorrow,_ _?3.Youd better read it by yourself,_ _?4.He must
23、be a doctor,_ _?5.Everything is ready,_ _?6.Everyone knows the answer,_ _?7.I dont think he is bright,_ _?8.She believe she can do it better,_ _?9.Dont do that again,_ _?,Do some exercises:,do they,dont we,hadnt you,isnt he,isnt it,dont they,is he,doesnt she,will you,55,10.Lets go and listen to the
24、music,_ _?Let us wait for you in the reading room,_ _?12.There is not be any trouble,_ _?13.Im as tall as your sister，_ _?,shall we,will you,is there,arent I,56,祈使句,57,思考：假如我们把五大基本句型的头砍掉，会出现什么？,（主谓）（主谓宾）（主谓宾宾补）（主谓间宾直宾）（主谓表）句子的灵魂,句子会以V，也就是动词开头啦,58,用于表达意愿、命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句，祈使句最常用于表达命令，因此在学校文法中也常
25、称为命令句。祈使句因对象（即主语）是第二人称（you），所以通常都省略。祈使句的动词都为一般现在时，句末则使用句号或感叹号来表示结束，读时用降调。,59,举几个例子吧,Go and wash your hands.（去洗你的手。命令）Be quiet,please.（Please be quiet.）（请安静。请求）Be kind to our sister.（对姊妹要和善。劝告）Watch your steps.（走路小心。警告）Look out！Danger！（小心！危险！强烈警告）Keep off the grass.（勿践草坪。禁止）No parking.（禁止停车。禁止）No eat
26、ing or drinking.(禁止吃喝。禁止)No littering.(禁止乱扔垃圾。禁止)祈使句也常把主语“You”表达出来，使对方听起来觉得柔和些，例如：You go and tell him,Chris.（克立斯去告诉他。）,60,表现形式：肯定句1Do型(即：动词原形(+宾语)+其它成分)。如：Please have a seat here.请这边坐。有的祈使句在意思明确的情况下，动词可省略。如：This way,please.=Go this way,please.请这边走。2Be型(即：Be+表语(名词或形容词)+其它成分)。如：Be a good boy!要做一个好孩子!3
27、Let型(即：Let+宾语+动词原形+其它成分)。如：Let me help you.让我来帮你。,61,表现形式：否定句1Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加dont构成：如：Dont forget me!不要忘记我！Dont be late for school!上学不要迟到！是系表结构也就是没有行为动词但是有形容词的那种使用Dont be 有行为动词的就不能这么用，只能用Dont 2Let型的否定式有两种：“Dont+let+宾语+动词原形+其它成分”和“Let+宾语+not+动词原形+其它成分”。如：Dont let him go./Let him not go.别让他走。3有些可用no
28、开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。如：No smoking!禁止吸烟！No fishing!禁止钓鱼！,62,练习将下列汉语翻译成英语。1.请照看好您的包。_.2.让我们去学校吧！_!3.亲爱的，高兴点儿！_!4.不要把书放这儿。_.5.不要让猫进来。_.6.禁止吸烟。_!,Key:1Please look after your bag.2Lets go to school.3Be glad,dear 4Dont put the book here.5Dont let the cat come in/Let the cat not come in.6No smoking！,63,Guessing
29、Game,Turn left,Turn right,Walk on the zebra crossing!,Dont smokeNo smoking,Dont play football,Dont park your car!,64,Dont eat,Dont pick the flowers!,Go upstairs!,Go downstairs!,65,感叹句,66,所谓感叹句，就是用来表达喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子。近年来，感叹句的构成及转换是中考常考的考点之一，因此，掌握感叹句对于中考至关重要。感叹句一般由what或how开头，句末加感叹号“！”。What修饰名词，how修饰形容词、副词
30、、动词。,67,感叹句的构成,感叹部分+陈述部分,How+形容词/副词What+(a an)+形容词+名词,主语+谓语,注意：陈述部分可以省略，感叹部分不可以省略！,68,例句,How silly you are!你真傻！How beautiful it is!多美啊！How well the clothes fit!这衣服多合身啊！How wet and cold the weather is!雨这么大，天又那么冷！What a nice day it is!多好的天气啊！What fine weather it is!多好的天气啊！What beautiful flowers they a
31、re!多美的花啊！,69,省略后的感叹句,How silly!（你）真傻！How beautiful!多美啊！How well!（这衣服）多合身啊！How wet and cold!雨这么大，天又那么冷！What a nice day!多好的天气啊！What fine weather！多好的天气啊！What beautiful flowers!多美的花啊！,70,1.It is a long story.2.This book is interesting.,陈述句变感叹句的步骤：,一断 二看 三加 四换,what,how,What a long story it is!,How intere
32、sting this book is!,71,一、由What构成的感叹句,1.What+a/an+(形容词)+单数可数名词+(主语+谓语)！”What a clever boy(he is)!（他是）多么聪明的孩子呀！2.What+形容词+不可数名词/复数可数名词+（主语+谓语）！What fine weather(it is)!What beautiful flowers(they are)!What fun!多好玩呀！,72,二、由How构成的感叹句1.How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+（主语+谓语）+！How clever a boy he is!他多么聪明的男孩！2.How+形容
33、词+主语+谓语！How beautiful the girl is!那位姑娘多么漂亮呀！3.How+副词+主语+谓语！How fast he runs!他跑得多么快呀4.How+主语+谓语！How time flies!时间过得真快呀！,73,三、陈述句变为感叹句的方法,把一个陈述句变为感叹句时，常使用“一分二加三换位四去掉”的方法。具体步骤为：第一步：“一分”，即在谓语动词后面划一双竖线，使句子分为两部分。如：He is a very honest boy.他是一个诚实的孩子。Li Lei works very hard.李雷学习很刻苦。,74,第二步：“二加”即如果第二部分的中心词是名词，
34、就加上what；如果是形容词或副词，就加上how.如：He is(what)a very honest boy.Li Lei works(how)very hard.第三步：“三换位”即把第一部分与第二部分互换位置，句号换位感叹号。如：What a very honest boy he is!How very hard Li Lei works!第四步：“四去掉”即原陈述句中含有very,too等程度副词时，在变成感叹句时要去掉。以上两个句子就应该变为以下形式：What an honest boy he is!How hard Li Lei works!,75,感叹句记忆口诀,感叹句，并不难，
35、what与how应在前。形容词、副词跟着how，what后面名词连。名词若是可数单，前带冠词a或an。主语、谓语放后面，省略它们也常见。,76,Work out the rules:,How cute the cat is!,How lovely the pandas are!,How fast he runs!,形容词/副词,How wonderfully she swims!,1How _ 主语谓语！,How pretty a girl she is!,2How _ a/an单数名词主语谓语！,形容词,77,What 与How 大转换,1.What a pretty girl she is
36、!_ _ the girl is!2.How difficult the questions are!_ _ _ they are.3.How big the factory is!_ _ big factory _ _!,How pretty,What difficult questions,What a,it is,78,4.What a clever boy!_ _ the boy _!5.How tall the trees are!_ tall trees _ _!6.What interesting books they are!_ _ the books _!7.How funny the girl is!_ _ funny girl _ _!,How clever,is,What a,she is,How interesting,What,they are,is,
