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1、国际贸易中银行独立担保的制度研究 国际贸易中银行独立担保的制度研究 【摘要】 为了有效地控制国际贸易的交易风险,一种新型的独立于基础交易的担保方式银行独立担保出现了。该业务通过签发银行独立保函或备用信用证,在实现传统担保功能的基础上,吸收了商业信用证的独立性原则,形成了集担保、融资与支付功能为一体的业务运作机制。它与传统的从属性担保有着本质的区别。20世纪70年代以来,银行独立担保在支持各种交易的同时,自身也取得了迅速发展。银行独立担保以其独有的独立性、效率性、快捷性以及对债权人利益的保护性而在国际贸易中得到了广泛的应用。银行独立担保在银行实践的普遍应用中形成了一套完整的体系制度,具有独特的法
2、律性质和法律关系。银行独立担保最本质的法律特性是独立性原则,即银行独立担保中银行的付款义务独立于业务申请人与受益人之间的基础交易合同。独立性原则在实践中体现为银行付款条件的单据化。独立性原则是银行独立担保制度的基石,其在银行实践中所体现出来的业务功能的多样性、强有力的付款保障、交易的高效性都源于此。目前包括我国在内的世界上绝大多数国家对这种新型的担保方式都没有做出明文规定,只有国际商会和联合国国际贸易法委员会先后制定了合同担保统一规则、见索即付担保统一规则、合同保函统一规则和联合国独立担保和备用信用证公约等三个国际惯例和一个国际公约来调整这种担保方式。在这种情况下,各国的判例和学理对此也有不同
3、的见解,还存在许多有争议、尚未解决的问题,因此有必要对此问题进行研究。本文运用比较分析的方法,以各国的法律实践为核心,结合有关的成文立法,全面深入地研究了国际贸易中的银行独立担保制度。全文共分为五章。第一章专门探讨了银行独立担保的内涵、历史背景及作用,以明确银行独立担保的法律性质和特点。重点研究了独立担保的内涵,其中最基本的有两点:第一,担保人付款的条件仅依担保合同规定的条款与条件,如在见索即付担保下,只要求受益人提交索款要求与受益人对债务人违约的单方声明,并不要求受益人出示充分的证据证明债务人违约;第二,担保人不能援引债务人对债权人的抗辩来对抗受益人。第二章研究了银行独立担保的表现形式。根据
4、不同的分类标准,银行独立担保有多种表现形式。如根据独立担保的付款条件划分,其表现形式可分为见索即付独立担保、根据提交第三方单据付款的独立担保以及根据提交法院判决或仲裁裁决付款的独立担保。此外,也可根据独立担保的用途进行若干分类。第三章介绍了银行独立担保的规范形式。具体包括银行独立担保对国内法关于保证担保的突破、国际惯例和国际公约对银行独立担保的规范和调整等。第四章分析了担保责任的排除原因“欺诈例外”原则。由于银行独立担保的付款条件要求的是单据化交易,尤其是在见索即付担保中,受益人只要提出索款要求并提出申请人违约的单方声明,银行就负绝对付款的责任,这就为受益人实施欺诈大开方便之门。为了制止受益人
5、滥用其权利,各国都承认只要申请人能够在银行付款时证明“受益人的欺诈对于银行是明显的”,银行就应拒绝付款。本文通过比较分析各国有关欺诈的立法和实践,总结出银行独立担保中构成欺诈的各种可能情况及其救济措施。文章在这部分研究了欺诈的实体法问题与程序法问题。实体法问题主要是关于欺诈的认定问题:程序法问题涉及对受益人实施欺诈的救济,主要介绍了三种救济措施,即法院禁令、保全措施命令与马利华禁令。第五章归纳分析了我国现有银行独立担保的立法和实践,并就完善我国有关的立法和实践提出了初步的建议。从法律理论及国家金融秩序稳定等不同的角度揭示我国现行银行独立担保实践中存在的种种弊端和潜在的金融风险,对我国银行独立担
6、保制度进行了检讨。同时,借鉴各国的法律实践和国际社会的有关公约与惯例,并联系全球金融危机的背景及我国实际情况,提出可行的完善独立担保制度的建议。【Abstract】 In order to control international trade risk effectively, a new form of bank guarantee which is independent of underlying transactions has come into being. Upon issuance of Bank Independent Bond or Standby Letter of C
7、redit, Bank Independent Guarantee integrate all the functions as guarantee, financing and payment under an uniformed business system, which is based on the traditional undertaking nature and independent principals of documentary credits. As a new kind of guarantee, it differs from the traditional gu
8、arantee in nature. Since the 1970s, the system of Bank Independent Guarantee has supported various kinds of transaction and at the same time gained a rapid self-development. Bank Independent Guarantee has been put into application in the international trade because of its independence, efficiency, c
9、onvenience and protection for the credit or benefit.As a novelty developed in bank practice, Bank Independent Guarantee has set up a complete business system with unique legal natures and legal relations. The basic nature of Bank Independent Guarantee is the independence, which means the payment obl
10、igation of the bank under Bank Independent Guarantee is independent from the underlying transaction contract between the applicant and the beneficiary. The documentary nature of the payment conditions can fully displayed the independent nature of Bank Independent Guarantee in bank practice. As the f
11、oundation of it, the principal of independence ensures the various functions, the powerful payment guarantee and efficient transaction in the practice.At present, most countries including China have not made formal stipulations about Bank Independent Guarantee. So far, only three international usuag
12、es, ICC Uniform Rules for Contract Guarantees, ICC Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees and Uniform Rules for Contract Bond, and one international convention, United Nations Convention on Independent Guarantees and Standby Letters of Credit, are files that specially regulate such guarantees. So, the
13、legal precedent and the scientific theory or principals in various countries also have diferent opinions in the regard, and many disputes have not yet been solved. Therefore a study of this question is necessary. Though comparative and analytical approach, based on every countrys legal parctice and
14、statute law in Bank Independent Guarantee, this article makes a comprehensive and profund study of the legal problems on Bank Independent Guarantee in international trade. This article consists of five parts:Chapterspecializes Bank Independent Guarantees definition, history, origin and use for clari
15、fying its quality and characters. The emphasis is to study the definition of it. Such guarantee includes two basically characters: first, the only condition of the guarantor exercising his obligation of payment is that the documents presented by beneficiary conform to the provision of contract of Ba
16、nk Independent Guarantee. Second, the guarantor can not invoke demur of obligor in primary contract to resist the obligee.Chapterstudies classification of Bank Independent Guarantee. According to different principals, it can been divided into several types. Such as according to the conditions of pay
17、ment exist in international usuage and convention, they are payment of first demand, payment upon submission of third-party documents and payment upon submission of on arbitral or court decision. In addition, Bank Independent Guarantee can be classificated by the use way.Chapterintroduces the source
18、s of law of Bank Independent Guarantee, including domestic law, international usuage and international convention.Chapter IV studies a principal of fraud exception. This article attempts to examine a number of specific factual situations that constitute fraud Bank Independent Guarantee and their rem
19、edies on the basis of comparing and analyzing the concept of fraud of every country. First, the article studies the determination offraud. Then the article introduces three kinds of remedial measures-CourtInjunction, Conservatory Attachment Orders and Marava Injunction.Chapte V presents a brief summ
20、ary and analysis of Chinas current legislation and practice of Bank Independent Guarantee. Giving an over view of curtent judicial practice of Bank Independent Guarantee and uncovers disadvantages and potential financial risks in terms of both law theories and financial order. Refering to foreign le
21、gal practices, related international conventions and commercial practices, put forward the authors preliminary proposals for perfecting the relevant legislation and practice in our country.【关键词】 国际贸易; 银行独立担保; 欺诈例外; 制度研究 【Key words】 International Business; Bank Independent Guarantee; Fraud Exception;
22、 Study of System 国际贸易中银行独立担保的制度研究中文摘要 5-7 英文摘要 7-8 前言 9-13 第一节 研究背景及论文意义 9-10 第二节 研究范围和方法 10-11 第三节 研究思路 11-13 第一章 银行独立担保的内涵和特性 13-21 第一节 银行独立担保的内涵 13-14 第二节 银行独立担保产生的特定背景和功能 14-16 一、银行独立担保产生的特定背景 14-15 二、银行独立担保的功能 15-16 第三节 银行独立担保的法律关系和法律特性 16-21 一、银行独立担保的法律关系 16-18 二、银行独立担保的法律特性 18-21 第二章 银行独立担保的表
23、现形式 21-28 第一节 表现形式概述 21-23 第二节 基于运行机制不同而产生的独立担保 23-25 一、直接独立担保 23 二、间接独立担保 23-25 第三节 基于付款条件不同而产生的独立担保 25-28 一、见索即付独立担保 25-26 二、根据第三方单据付款的独立担保 26 三、根据提交法院判决或仲裁裁决付款的独立担保 26-28 第三章 银行独立担保的规范形式 28-34 第一节 银行独立担保对国内法关于保证担保的突破 28-30 一、大陆法系 28-29 二、英美法系 29-30 第二节 国际惯例对银行独立担保的规范和调整 30-32 一、合同担保统一规则 30-31 二、见
24、索即付担保担保统一规则 31 三、合同保函统一规则 31-32 第三节 国际公约对银行独立担保的规范和调整 32-34 第四章 银行独立担保欺诈例外担保责任的排除原因 34-43 第一节 受益人欺诈索赔的制度原因 34-35 第二节 受益人欺诈索赔的认定 35-36 第三节 欺诈例外的可能情况 36-38 一、特定情况下的基础合同解除或无效 36-37 二、基础合同己履行或未届履行期 37 三、索赔要求与基础合同无关 37 四、提示伪造或不实单据 37-38 五、不可抗力 38 第四节 对受益人欺诈的主要救济手段 38-43 一、法院禁令 38-42 二、保全措施命令 42 三、马利华禁令 42-43 第五章 我国银行独立担保制度的检讨 43-51 第一节 我国银行独立担保制度的状态分析 43-44 第二节 我国银行独立担保制度的问题分析 44-47 一、法律层面上存在的问题 45 二、实务层面上存在的问题 45-47 第三节 关于完善我国银行独立担保制度的几点思考 47-51 一、法律制度的完善 47-48 二、实务业务的完善 48-49 三、全球金融危机环境下的制度反思 49-51 结语 51-52 注释 52-57 参考文献 57-60 后记 60-61
