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1、English Grammar in UseA self-study reference and practice book for intermediate studentsRaymond MurphySecond EditionCAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSffCONTENTS Thanks viiTo the student viiiTo the teacher ixPresent and past1 Present continuous (I am doing)2 Present simple (I do)3 Present continuous and pres
2、ent simple (1) (I am doing and I do)4 Present continuous and present simple (2) (I am doing and I do)5 Past simple (I did)6 Past continuous (I was doing)Present perfect and past7 Present perfect (1) (I have done)8 Present perfect (2) (I have done)9 Present perfect continuous (I have been doing)10 Pr
3、esent perfect continuous and simple (I have been doing and I have done)11 How long have you (been) .?12 When .? and How long .? For and since13 Present perfect and past (1) (I have done and I did)14 Present perfect and past (2) (I have done and I did)15 Past perfect (I had done)16 Past perfect conti
4、nuous (I had been doing)17 Have and have got18 Used to (do)Future19 Present tenses (I am doing/I do) for the future20 (Im) going to (do)21 Will/shall (1)22 Will/shall (2)23 I will and Im going to24 Will be doing and will have done25 When I do/When Ive done When and ifModals26 Can, could and (be) abl
5、e to27 Could (do) and could have (done)28 Must and cant29 May and might (1)30 May and might (2)31 Must and have to32 Must mustnt neednt33 Should (1)34 Should (2)35 Had better Its time .36 Can/Could/Would you .? etc. (Requests, offers, permission and invitations)Conditionals and wish37 If I do . and
6、If I did .38 If I knew . I wish I knew .39 If I had known . I wish I had known .40 Would I wish . wouldPassive41 Passive (1) (is done/was done)42 Passive (2) (be/been/being done)43 Passive (3)44 It is said that . He is said to . (be) supposed to .45 Have something doneReported speech46 Reported spee
7、ch (1) (He said that .47 Reported speech (2)Questions and auxiliary verbs48 Questions (1)49 Questions (2) (Do you know where .? I She asked me where .50 Auxiliary verbs (have/do/can etc.) I think so I hope so etc.51 Question tags (do you? isnt it? etc.)ing and the infinitive52 Verb + ing (enjoy doin
8、g/stop doing etc.)53 Verb + to . (decide to do/forget to do etc.)54 Verb + (object) + to . (I want (you) to do etc.)55 Verb + ing or to . (1) (remember/regret etc.)56 Verb + ing or to . (2) (try/need/help)57 Verb + ing or to . (3) (like/would like etc.)58 Prefer and would rather59 Preposition (in/fo
9、r/about etc.) + ing60 Be/get used to something (Im used to .61 Verb + preposition + ing (succeed in ing/accuse somebody of ing etc.)62 Expressions + ing63 To . for . and so that . (purpose)64 Adjective + to .65 To . (afraid to do) and preposition + ing (afraid of ing)66 See somebody do and see someb
10、ody doing67 ing clauses (Feeling tired, I went to bed early.)Articles and nouns68 Countable and uncountable nouns (1)69 Countable and uncountable nouns (2)70 Countable nouns with a/an and some71 A/an and the72 The (1)73 The (2) (School/the school)74 The (3) (Children/the children)75 The (4) (The gir
11、affe/the telephone/the piano etc.; the + adjective)76 Names with and without the (1)77 Names with and without the (2)78 Singular and plural79 Noun + noun (a tennis ball/a headache etc.)80 -s (the girls name) and of . (the name of the book)Pronouns and determiners81 A friend of mine My own house On m
12、y own/by myself82 Myself/yourself/themselves etc.83 There . and it .84 Some and any85 No/none/any86 Much, many, little, few, a lot, plenty87 All/all of most/most of no/none of etc.88 Both/both of neither/neither of either/either of89 All, every and whole90 Each and everyRelative clauses91 Relative c
13、lauses (1)-clauses with who/that/which92 Relative clauses (2)-clauses with or without who/that/which93 Relative clauses (3)-whose/whom/where94 Relative clauses (4)-extra information clauses (1)95 Relative clauses (5)-extra information clauses (2)96 ing and -ed clauses (the woman talking to Tom, the
14、boy injured in the accident)Adjectives and adverbs97 Adjectives ending in ing and -ed (boring/bored etc.)98 Adjectives: word order (a nice new house) Adjectives after verbs (You look tired)99 Adjectives and adverbs (1) (quick/quickly)100 Adjectives and adverbs (2) (well/fast/late, hard/hardly)101 So
15、 and suchA. Enough and too103 Quite and rather104 Comparison (1)-cheaper, more expensive etc.105 Comparison (2)106 Comparison (3)-as . as than107 Superlatives-the longest/the most enjoyable etc.108 Word order (1)-verb + object; place and time109 Word order (2)-adverbs with the verb110 Still, yet and
16、 already Any more/any longer no longer111 EvenConjunctions and prepositions112 Although/though/even though In spite of despite113 In case114 Unless As long as and provided/providing115 As (reason and time)116 Like and as117 As if118 For, during and while119 By and until By the time .Prepositions120
17、At/on/in (time)121 On time/in time At the end in the end122 Wat/on (place) (1)123 In/at/on (place) (2)124 In/at/on (place) (3)125 To/at/in/into126 On/in/at (other uses)127 By128 Noun + preposition (reason for, cause of etc.)129 Adjective + preposition (1)130 Adjective + preposition (2)131 Verb + pre
18、position (1) at and to132 Verb + preposition (2) about/for/of/after133 Verb + preposition (3) about and of134 Verb + preposition (4) of/for/from/on135 Verb + preposition (5) in/into/with/to/on136 Phrasal verbs (get up/break down/fill in etc.) Appendix 1 Regular and irregular verbs 274Appendix 2 Pres
19、ent and past tenses 276Appendix 3 The future 277Appendix 4 Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.) 278Appendix 5 Short forms (Im/youve/didnt etc.) 279Appendix 6 Spelling 280Appendix 7American English 282Additional exercises 284Study guide 301Key to Exercises 310Key to Additional exercises 340Key to
20、Study guide 343Index 344THANKSI would like to thank all the students and teachers who used the material that made up the original edition of this book. In particular, I am grateful to my former colleagues at the Swan School of English, Oxford, for all their interest and encouragement. I would also l
21、ike to thank Adrian du Plessis, Alison Baxter, Barbara Thomas and Michael Swan for their help with the original edition.Regarding this new edition, I would like to express my thanks to:Jeanne McCarten for her help and advice throughout the preparation of the projectAlison Silver, Geraldine Mark, Pet
22、er Donovan, Ruth Carim and Nick Newton of Cambridge University PressGerry Abbot, Richard Fay, Clare West and Pam Murphy for their comments on the manuscriptSue Andre and Paul Heacock for their help with the appendix on American EnglishAmanda MacPhall for the illustrationsTO THE STUDENTThis book is f
23、or students who want help with English grammar. It is written for you to use without a teacher. The book will be useful for you if you are not sure of the answers to questions like these:What is the difference between I did and I have done? When do we use will for the future?What is the structure af
24、ter I wish?When do we say used to do and when do we say used to doing? When do we use the?What is the difference between like and as?These and many other points of English grammar are explained in the book and there are exercises on each point. Level The book is intended mainly for intermediate stud
25、ents (students who have already studied the basic grammar of English). It concentrates on those structures which intermediate students want to usebut which often cause difficulty. Some advanced students who have problems with grammar will also find the book useful.The book is not suitable for elemen
26、tary learners.How the book is organizedThere are 136 units in the book. Each unit concentrates on a particular point of grammar. Some problems (for example, the present perfect or the use of tbe) are covered in more than one unit. For a list of units, see the Contents at the beginning of the book.Ea
27、ch unit consists of two facing pages. On the left there are explanations and examples; on the right there are exercises. At the back of the book there is a Key for you to check your answers to the exercises (page310).There are also seven Appendices at the back of the book (pages 274-283). These incl
28、ude irregular verbs, summaries of verb forms, spelling and American English.Finally, there is a detailed Index at the back of the book (page 344).How to use the bookThe units are not in order of difficulty, so it is not intended that you work through the book from beginning to end. Every learner has
29、 different problems and you should use this book to help you with the grammar that you find difficult. It is suggested that you work in this way:Use the Contents and/or Index to find which unit deals with the point you are interested in. If you are not sure which units you need to study, use the Stu
30、dy guide on page 301.Study the explanations and examples on the left-hand page of the unit you have chosen. Do the exercises on the right-hand page.Check your answers with the Key.If your answers are not correct, study the left-hand page again to see what went wrong. You can of course use the book s
31、imply as a reference book without doing the exercises. Additional exercisesAt the back of the book there are Additional exercises (pages 284-300). These exercises bring together some of the grammar points from a number of different units. For example, Exercise 14 brings together grammar points from
32、Units 26-40. You can use these exercises for extra practice after you have studied and practised the grammar in the units concerned.TO THE TEACHEREnglish Grammar in Use was written as a self-study grammar book but teachers may also find it useful as additional course material in cases where further
33、work on grammar is necessary.The book will probably be most useful at middle- and upper-intermediate levels (where all or nearly all ofthe material will be relevant), and can serve both as a basis for revision and as a means for practicing new structures. It will also be useful for some more advance
34、d students who have problems with grammar and need a book for reference and practice. The book is not intended to be used by elementary learners.The units are organized in grammatical categories (Present and past, Articles and nouns, Prepositions etc.). They are not ordered according to level of dif
35、ficulty, so the book should not be worked through from beginning to end. It should be used selectively and flexibly in accordance with the grammar syllabus being used and the difficulties students are having.The book can be used for immediate consolidation or for later revision or remedial work. It
36、might be used by the whole class or by individual students needing extra help. The lefthand pages (explanations and examples) are written for the student to use individually but they may of course be used by the teacher as a source of ideas and information on which to base a lesson. The student then
37、 has the left-hand page as a record of what has been taught and can refer to it in the future. The exercises can be done individually, in class or as homework. Alternatively (and additionally), individual students can be directed to study certain units of the book by themselves if they have particul
38、ar difficulties not shared by other students in their class.This new edition of English Grammar in Use contains a set of Additional exercises (pages284-300). These exercises provide mixed practice bringing together grammar points from a number of different units.A classroom edition of English Gramma
39、r in Use is also available. It contains no key and some teachers might therefore prefer it for use with their students.English Grammar in Use Second EditionWhile this Is a completely new edition of English Grammar in Use, the general structure and character of the original book remain the same. The
40、main changes from the original are:There are new units on compound nouns (Unit 79), there and it (Unit 83), each and every (Unit 90) and by (Unit 127).Some units have been redesigned, for example Unit 73 (school or the school)and Unit 94 (relative clauses 4).Some of the material has been reorganised
41、. For example, Units 3-4 (present continuous and present simple) and Units 68-69 (countable and uncountable nouns) correspond to single units in the original edition. The material in Units 131-135 (verb + preposition) has been completely rearranged.Some of the units have been reordered and nearly al
42、l units have a different number from the original edition. A few units have been moved to different parts of the book. For example, Unit 35 (had better and its time .) Is the new rewritten version of the original Unit 65.On the left-hand pages, many of the explanations have been rewritten and many o
43、f the examples have been changed.Many of the original exercises have been either modified or completely replaced with new exercises. There is a new section of Additional exercises at the back of the book (see To the student).In the edition with answers there is a new Study guide to help students dec
44、ide which units to study (see Tothe student). The Study guide is only In the edition with answers.There are two new appendices on future forms and modal verbs. The other appendices have been revised.ffp2UNIT 1. Present continuous (I am doing)A. Study this example situation:Ann is in her car. She is
45、on her way to work. She is driving to work.This means: she is driving now, at the time of speaking. The action is not finished. Am/is/are ing is the present continuous:I am(= Im) drivinghe/she/it is(hes etc.) working we/you/they are(were etc.) doing etc.B. I am doing something = Im in the middle of
46、doing something; Ive started doing it and I havent finished yet.Often the action is happening at the time of speaking:* Please dont make so much noise. Im working. (not I work)* Wheres Margaret? Shes having a bath. (not she has a bath)* Lets go out now. It isnt raining any more. (not it doesnt rain)* (at a party) Hello, Jane. Are you enjoying the party? (not do you enjoy)* Im tired. Im going to bed now. Goodnight!But t
