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1、WLTP Test ProceduresDRAFT3/15/10 TESTING PROCEDURESEquipment Specifications101 Overview.110 Chassis Dynamometer115 Drivers aid140 Dilution for gaseous and PM constituents.145 Gaseous and PM probes, transfer lines, and sampling system components.150 Continuous sampling.170 Batch sampling for gaseous
2、and PM constituents. Including alcohol and carbonyls 190 PM-stabilization and weighing environments for gravimetric analysis.Measurement Instruments201 Overview and general provisions.202 Data updating, recording, and control.205 Performance specifications for measurement instruments.MEASUREMENT OF
3、AMBIENT CONDITIONS215 Pressure transducers, temperature sensors, and dewpoint sensors.FLOW-RELATED MEASUREMENTS240 Dilution air and diluted exhaust flow meters.245 Sample flow meter for batch sampling.248 Gas divider.CO AND CO2 MEASUREMENTS250 Nondispersive infra-red analyzer.HYDROCARBON MEASUREMENT
4、S260 Flame ionization detector.265 Nonmethane cutter.267 Gas chromatograph.NOx AND N2O MEASUREMENTS270 Chemiluminescent detector.272 Nondispersive ultraviolet analyzer.275 N2O measurement devices.O2 MEASUREMENTS280 Paramagnetic and magnetopneumatic O2 detection analyzers.PM MEASUREMENTS290 PM gravim
5、etric balance.GC for alcohol Sampling is in 86 Maybe reference ARB procedures?HPLC for carbonyls Same as above for GC.Calibrations and Verifications301 Overview and general provisions.303 Summary of required calibration and verifications305 Verifications for accuracy, repeatability, and noise.307 Li
6、nearity verification.308 Continuous gas analyzer system-response and updating-recording verificationfor gas analyzers not continuously compensated for other gas species.309 Continuous gas analyzer system-response and updating-recording verificationfor gas analyzers continuously compensated for other
7、 gas species.MEASUREMENT OF VEHICLE PARAMETERS AND AMBIENT CONDITIONS310 Torque calibration.315 Pressure, temperature, and dewpoint calibration.FLOW-RELATED MEASUREMENTS330 Exhaust-flow calibration.340 Diluted exhaust flow (CVS) calibration.341 CVS and batch sampler verification (propane check).342
8、Sample dryer verification.345 Vacuum-side leak verification.CO AND CO2 MEASUREMENTS350 H2O interference verification for CO2 NDIR analyzers.355 H2O and CO2 interference verification for CO NDIR analyzers.HYDROCARBON MEASUREMENTS360 FID optimization and verification.362 Non-stoichiometric raw exhaust
9、 FID O2 interference verification.365 Nonmethane cutter penetration fractions.NOx AND N2O MEASUREMENTS370 CLD CO2 and H2O quench verification.372 NDUV analyzer HC and H2O interference verification.376 Chiller NO2 penetration.375 Interference verification for N2O analyzers.378 NO2-to-NO converter con
10、version verification.PM MEASUREMENTS390 PM balance verifications and weighing process verification.Performing an Emission Test in the Laboratory500 Performing Emission Tests.510 Dynamometer procedure.515 Pre-test checks.520 Emission Test Sequence.525 Vehicle starting and restarting.545 Validation of
11、 proportional flow control for batch sampling.546 Validation of minimum dilution ratio for PM batch sampling.550 Gas analyzer range validation, drift validation.Validation of test driver power demand590 PM sampling media (e.g., filters) preconditioning and tare weighing.595 PM sample post-conditioni
12、ng and total weighing.Analysis for alcohol and carbonylsCalculations and Data Requirements601 Overview.602 Statistics.630 1980 international gravity formula.640 Flow meter calibration calculations.642 SSV, CFV, and PDP molar flow rate calculations.644 Vacuum-decay leak rate.645 Amount of water in an
13、 ideal gas.650 Emission calculations.655 Chemical balances of fuel, intake air, and exhaust.659 Removed water correction.660 THC, NMHC, and CH4 determination.665 THCE and NMHCE determination.667 Dilution air background emission correction.670 NOx intake-air humidity and temperature corrections.672 D
14、rift correction.675 CLD quench verification calculations.690 Buoyancy correction for PM sample media.Testing with Oxygenated Fuels805 Sampling system.845 Response factor determination.850 Calculations.Definitions and Other Reference Information1001 Definitions.1005 Symbols, abbreviations, acronyms,
15、and units of measure.1010 Reference materials.Equipment Specifications101 Overview.(a) This procedure specifies equipment, other than measurement instruments, related to emission testing. This equipment includes two broad categoriesdynamometers and emission-sampling hardware.(b) Other related subpar
16、ts in this procedure identify measurement instruments, describe how to evaluate the performance of these instruments, and specify vehicle fluids and analytical gases. 110 Chassis DynamometerDynamometers shall incorporate the following general features for testing vehicles:Accurate and precise road l
17、oad determination (traceable to a recognized standards organization) and simulation that recreates the mechanical inertia and frictional forces that would be present on the road with electrically generated load forces based on specific equations, coefficients, and response characteristics.Vehicle lo
18、ading applied to the tires by rolls connected to intermediate motor/absorbers that contacts vehicle drive tires.Capability of testing all light duty vehicles, medium-duty passenger vehicles and complete heavy duty vehicles on a Federal Test Register US06 Driving Trace which has a maximum acceleratio
19、n rate of 8.0 MPH/second, in two wheel drive and four wheel drive configurations. Vehicle testing shall be accomplished by simulating all load conditions that the vehicle can experience on a dry smooth road. The dynamometer shall have a force measurement system to indicate the forces being applied b
20、y the dynamometer rolls to the vehicle tires. The load cell is the primary method of measuring force. This system shall be capable of indicating force readings to a resolution of 0.1% of rated output.The load applied by the dynamometer shall model and simulate forces acting on the vehicle during nor
21、mal road operation, including rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, road grade, drive train losses and inertia forces according to the following formula:FR = A + B * V + C * V2 + D * W + M * dV / dt (See Note)where: FR= total vehicle road load force to be applied at the surfaces of the rolls A = con
22、stant load term (friction)B = load coefficient dependent on velocity (drag and rolling resistance)C = load coefficient dependent on velocity squared (frontal windage and drag)D = incline grade coefficient (-,+) = sin including variable grade mode D=f(t)W = weight of vehicleM = effective vehicle mass
23、, taking into account the rotational masses of driven and non-driven power trains on both 2WD and 4WD vehiclesV = linear velocity at the roller surfaces = dX / dt, where X is a point on the roll surfacedV / dt = acceleration rate of the roller surfacesNote: The total force is the sum of the individu
24、al tractive forces applied at each roller surface.The measured simulation error of the total road force, including the inertia force shall not exceed the greater of 2.0 pounds or 1 % of the target value, according to the above force formula, under all operating conditions and at all velocities. This
25、 measurement shall utilize the 1-second average of force and speed when acquired at 10-Hz, or faster.115 Drivers AidPlace Holder140 Dilution for gaseous and PM constituents.(a) General. You may dilute exhaust with ambient air, synthetic air, or nitrogen. For gaseous emission measurement the diluent
26、must be at least 15 C. Note that the composition of the diluent affects some gaseous emission measurement instruments response to emissions. We recommend diluting exhaust at a location as close as possible to the location where ambient air dilution would occur in use.(b) Dilution-air conditions and
27、background concentrations. Before a diluent is mixed with exhaust, you may precondition it by increasing or decreasing its temperature or humidity. You may also remove constituents to reduce their background concentrations. The following provisions apply to removing constituents or accounting for ba
28、ckground concentrations:(1) You may measure constituent concentrations in the diluent and compensate for background effects on test results. See 650 for calculations that compensate for background concentrations.(2) Either measure these background concentrations the same way you measure diluted exha
29、ust constituents, or measure them in a way that does not affect your ability to demonstrate compliance with the applicable standards. For example, you may use the following simplifications for background sampling:(i) You may disregard any proportional sampling requirements.(ii) You may use unheated
30、gaseous sampling systems.(iii) You may use unheated PM sampling systems.(iv) You may use continuous sampling if you use batch sampling for diluted emissions.(v) You may use batch sampling if you use continuous sampling for diluted emissions.(3) For removing background PM, we recommend that you filte
31、r all dilution air, including primary full-flow dilution air, with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters that have an initial minimum collection efficiency specification of 99.97 % (see 1001 for procedures related to HEPA-filtration efficiencies). Ensure that HEPA filters are installed prop
32、erly so that background PM does not leak past the HEPA filters. If you choose to correct for background PM without using HEPA filtration, demonstrate that the background PM in the dilution air contributes less than 50 % to the net PM collected on the sample filter. You may correct net PM without res
33、triction if you use HEPA filtration.(c) Full-flow dilution; constant-volume sampling (CVS). You may dilute the full flow of raw exhaust in a dilution tunnel that maintains a nominally constant volume flow rate, molar flow rate or mass flow rate of diluted exhaust, as follows:(1) Construction. Use a
34、tunnel with inside surfaces of 300 series stainless steel. Electrically ground the entire dilution tunnel. We recommend a thin-walled and insulated dilution tunnel to minimize temperature differences between the wall and the exhaust gases.(2) Pressure control. Maintain static pressure at the locatio
35、n where raw exhaust is introduced into the tunnel within 1.2 kPa of atmospheric pressure. You may use a booster blower to control this pressure. If you test a vehicle using more careful pressure control and you show by engineering analysis or by test data that you require this level of control to de
36、monstrate compliance at the applicable standards, we will maintain the same level of static pressure control when we test that vehicle.(3) Mixing. Introduce raw exhaust into the tunnel by directing it downstream along the centerline of the tunnel. You may introduce a fraction of dilution air radiall
37、y from the tunnels inner surface to minimize exhaust interaction with the tunnel walls. You may configure the system with turbulence generators such as orifice plates or fins to achieve good mixing. We recommend a minimum Reynolds number, Re#, of 4000 for the diluted exhaust stream, where Re# is bas
38、ed on the inside diameter of the dilution tunnel. Re# is defined in 640.(4) Flow measurement preconditioning. You may condition the diluted exhaust before measuring its flow rate, as long as this conditioning takes place downstream of any heated HC or PM sample probes, as follows:(i) You may use flo
39、w straighteners, pulsation dampeners, or both of these.(ii) You may use a filter.(iii) You may use a heat exchanger to control the temperature upstream of any flow meter, but you must take steps to prevent aqueous condensation as described in paragraph (c)(6) of this section.(5) Flow measurement. Se
40、ction 240 describes measurement instruments for diluted exhaust flow.(6) Aqueous condensation. This paragraph (c)(6) describes how you must address aqueous condensation in the CVS. As described below, you may meet these requirements by preventing or limiting aqueous condensation in the CVS from the
41、exhaust inlet to the last emission sample probe. See that paragraph for provisions related to the CVS between the last emission sample probe and the CVS flow meter. You may heat and/or insulate the dilution tunnel walls, as well as the bulk stream tubing downstream of the tunnel to prevent or limit
42、aqueous condensation. Where we allow aqueous condensation to occur, use accepted measurement practices to ensure that the condensation does not affect your ability to demonstrate that your engines comply with the applicable standards.(i) Preventing aqueous condensation. To prevent condensation, you
43、must keep the temperature of internal surfaces, excluding any sample probes, above the dew point of the dilute exhaust passing through the CVS tunnel. Use accepted measurement practices to monitor temperatures in the CVS. For the purposes of this paragraph (c)(6), assume that aqueous condensation is
44、 pure water condensate only, even though the definition of “aqueous condensation” in 1001 includes condensation of any constituents that contain water. No specific verification check is required under this paragraph (c)(6)(i), but we may ask you to show how you comply with this requirement. You may
45、use engineering analysis, CVS tunnel design, alarm systems, measurements of wall temperatures, and calculation of water dew point to demonstrate compliance with this requirement. For optional CVS heat exchangers, you may use the lowest water temperature at the inlet(s) and outlet(s) to determine the
46、 minimum internal surface temperature. (ii) Limiting aqueous condensation. This paragraph (c)(6)(ii) specifies limits of allowable condensation and requires you to verify that the amount of condensation that occurs during each test interval does not exceed the specified limits.(A) Use chemical balan
47、ce equations in 655 to calculate the mole fraction of water in the dilute exhaust continuously during testing. Alternatively, you may continuously measure the mole fraction of water in the dilute exhaust prior to any condensation during testing. Use accepted measurement practices to select, calibrat
48、e and verify water analyzers/detectors. The linearity verification requirements of 307 do not apply to water analyzers/detectors used to correct for the water content in exhaust samples.(B) Use accepted measurement practices to select and monitor locations on the CVS tunnel walls prior to the last emission sample probe. If you are also verifying limited condensation from the last emission sample probe to the CVS flow mete
