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1、浅析英语词汇中的性别歧视现象 A Brief Analysis of Sexism in English VocabularyContentsAbstractIIIIntroduction11. Phenomena of Sexism in English Vocabulary31.1 Sexism in Choice of Words31.1.1 Generic Use of Masculine Words31.1.2 Derogatory Terms for Women51.2 Sexism in Word Formation61.2.1 Derivation71.2.2 Compound
2、ing81.3 Semantic Derogation of Women101.3.1 Semantic Dissymmetry and Change101.3.2 Semantic Collocation122. Causes for Sexism in English152.1 Historical Background152.2 Social Reality162.2.1 Labor Division and Social Status162.2.2 Socialization172.3 Cultural Consciousness173. Strategies for Achievin
3、g Linguistic Equality193.1 Linguistic Strategies193.1.1 Gender Neutralization193.1.2 Avoiding Generic Masculine Pronouns203.2 Social Strategies204. Conclusion23Works Cited24 浅析英语词汇中的性别歧视现象摘要：语言是社会的反映。性别歧视是一种社会现象，不仅反映在社会生活中，也反映在语言和言语的使用中。作为历史悠久的一个社会问题，性别歧视现象几乎存在于每门语言中，并反映了在男性统治下的社会中，女性所受到的歧视。随着现代化的到来
4、和西方女权主义运动的兴起，性别和语言这一学术领域得到人们越来越广泛的关注。词汇作为语言的重要组成部分，受社会文化的影响最为直接，是语言歧视的一个重要方面。英语词汇中广泛存在性别歧视语言现象，它主要是由历史背景、社会现实、文化意识等诸多因素造成的。当然，通过语言变革可以减少这种现象，但消除英语语言中性别歧视现象的根本在于通过社会改革消除社会中存在的性别歧视。只有消除语言使用者观念中的歧视女性心理才能从根本上消除语言歧视。关键词：性别歧视；英语词汇；原因；方法A Brief Analysis of Sexism in English VocabularyAbstract: Language is
5、a mirror of the society. Sexism, as a kind of social phenomenon, is reflected not only in our social life, but also in the use of language; and as a social problem with a long history, it exists in almost every language, embodying the inequity and discrimination from which women suffer in a society
6、dominated by men. With the advent of modernization and the rise of feminism, the academic domain about sex and language has attracted more and more attention. Vocabulary, as a quite important component of language, is affected by the social culture most directly and plays a great role in reflecting
7、sexism in English language. Sexism in English language is mainly influenced by historical background, social reality, and cultural consciousness. Certainly, through linguistic strategies we can weaken sexism in daily use, while the basis to eradicate linguistic sexism lies in achieving social equali
8、ty through social change. Only by getting rid of sex discrimination in peoples mentality can we truly realize linguistic equality. Key Words: sexism; English vocabulary; causes; strategiesIntroductionLanguage is a guide to social reality. Language is not only a guide, it is even a mirror that reflec
9、ts various kinds of phenomena such as beauty or ugliness, goodness or badness in the real world, and at the same time it helps people see the social reality more clearly and vividly. Language is a vehicle, through which human beings express their ideas, thoughts, attitudes and beliefs, even wishes.
10、So its existence and development are closely linked with the social attitudes of human beings and to a large scale are affected by not only their culture and history, but also their social views, values and beliefs. “In biology, societys view about the cultural position of women, it is accepted that
11、 men should be regarded as genetically superior to women”(Sun Lixia 93). Historically and sociologically, our society is man-oriented and man-dominated. Women, regarded as a weaker gender in the society, are looked down upon for a long time and usually subordinated in political, economic, and even f
12、amily life in the society dominated by men. Since language is a kind of social phenomenon and a mirror of society, this special social problem, known as sexism, has been inevitably embodied in language. Although many English-speaking countries advocate that people are born equal, there still exists
13、discrimination against women, which is reflected in English language as well.With the progress of time and the improvement of society, more and more women realize that they should share equal rights with men in every aspect. “In the United States, during the late 1960s and early 1970s, women began t
14、o examine and critique social practices that supported gender discrimination in consciousness-rising groups, in feminist cells, in rallies and media events”(Freeman and McElhinny 218). Since the Womens Movement in the 1970s, a growing number of people have shifted and focused on language and gender
15、in the Western world, which has inspired a great many heated discussion and researches. “The study of language and gender was initiated in 1975 by three books, the latter two of which have continued to significantly influence sociolinguistic work: Mary Ritchie Keys Male/Female Language, Robin Lakoff
16、s Language and Womens Place, and Barrie Thorn and Nancy Henleys Language and Sex”(218). The influence of the three books can never be over-valued for it has aroused the interest of many other linguists in the study of gender issues. Since the 1980s, feminism has stimulated further researches on wome
17、ns ways of using language and the extent of differences between the sexes in their uses of language. In the 1990s, feminists made further advance in the studies of feminism and language represented by Cameron, the author of Feminism and Linguistic Theory. Gender bias or sexism in the English languag
18、e is and will continue to be a heated topic among linguists.As to the topic of sexism in English language, some analyze it from the aspect of phonology, some from the aspect of proverbs and idioms, and there are still those who analyze it by studying certain literary works. As an indispensable compo
19、nent of language, vocabulary, closely related to social development and directly affected by social culture, is a significant aspect of sexism in English language. 1. Phenomena of Sexism in English VocabularyAs an indispensable component of language, vocabulary, closely related to social development
20、 and directly affected by social culture, plays a great role in reflecting sexism in English language. And sexism in English vocabulary primarily exists in choice of words, word formation and word meanings.1.1 Sexism in Choice of WordsAccording to the Websters Collegiate Dictionary, sexism is define
21、d as “prejudice or discrimination based on sex, especially by men against women based on the assumption that one sex is superior”(Mish 267). Therefore, sexism is a system of beliefs and practices that affirm the dominance of men over women. So sexism in language is the phenomenon that when you use t
22、he language, it shows discrimination against women.1.1.1 Generic Use of Masculine WordsDiscussion of sexist language have often been reduced to what Martyna calls the he/man approach to language, that is, the use of male terms to refer both to males in particular and to human beings in general.a. Ge
23、neric Masculine Pronouns he, him, his Generic pronouns are pronouns that are said to refer, with equal likelihood, to women and men. But the English language ignores women by allowing generic masculine pronouns to be used specifically to refer to male and commonly to refer to human beings in general
24、. Of the words which serve as “generic” referents, the ones which have received the most attention in English are the masculine pronouns he, him and his in such sentences as “The average student is worried about his grades.”, “We will hire the best-qualified person regardless of his sex.”, “Each stu
25、dent can select his own topic.”, “When everyone contributes his own ideas, the discussion will be a success.”.Whats more, “it is common knowledge, of course, that lexical items which are semantically male are traditionally used also for general reference, where the sex of the referent is not known a
26、nd not relevant. This applies to the pronoun he, ”(Fasold 111). According to the statistics, although over fifty percent human beings are women, the ratio of he and she in documents is four to one. Spender vividly describes such a phenomenon as “she represents a woman but he is mankind. If she enter
27、s mankind, she loses herself to he”(158). Now please examine more examples:(1) He that travels far knows much.(2) He who makes no mistakes makes nothing. (3) “Nobody knows what dangers he will encounter in the course of this expenditure”(Wang Xuexin 35).b. Generic Masculine Noun manAnother well-know
28、n example of generic masculine terms is man. Man not only refers to an adult human male but also generally refers to the whole human beings; while women can only refer to female but not the whole human beings. For example, “Fifteen men including three women are killed in this accident.”. From the ex
29、ample, we can easily notice that men in the sentence refers to the human beings. The word men apparently seen just has male character but it can be used to refer to both male and female, which regards masculine language as norm and feminine language as variation. This kind of use of the masculine wo
30、rd man can be seen in a great many sentences. Here are some examples:(1) Man will conquer nature.(2) Its mens duty to be courageous enough to seek for truth.(3) “The universitys four-man crews won in both the mens and womens divisions”(Fasold 111). Even in the Declaration of Independence of the Unit
31、ed States, man is used as representatives of human beings. For example, “all men are created equal” and “governments are instituted among men, describing their just powers from the consent of the governed”. From above, one can know that in English using masculine terms man/men or he/his/him to indic
32、ate “the human race”, neglects the fact that men and women are equal in the society. Instead, they treat men as the center of the society, and totally ignore the existence of women. According to Martyna and Mackay, there has been a substantial amount of research on peoples responses to supposedly ge
33、neric use of masculine forms, that is, “the so-called generic masculine in which masculine personal pronoun forms and the word man aloneare supposed to refer to people of both sexes when the sex of the referents is not known or doesnt matter”(Fasold 116), and the results overwhelmingly support the c
34、onclusion that this usage has the effect of excluding women.Works CitedFasold, Ralph. The Sociolinguistics of Language. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.Freeman, Rebecca and McElhinny, Bonnie. “Language and Gender.” Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching. Ed. Mckay, Sandra
35、 Lee and Hornberger, Nancy H. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2001, 218-280.Hudson, R.A. Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.Lee, David. Competing Discourses: Perspective and Ideology in Language. London: Longman, 1992.Mish, Frederick. C. Websters Collegiate Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Merri
36、am-Webster, 2003.Schulz, Hasan. Gender and Language Use. London: Hall International Ltd. , 1992.Schulz, Muriel. “The Semantic Derogation of Women.” The Feminist Critique of Language: A Reader. Ed. Cameron, Deborah. London: Routledge,1990, 134-147.Spears, David. Slang and Euphemism Dictionary. London
37、: Jonathan David Publishers Inc. , 1982.Spender, Dale. Man Made Language. London: Routledge and Paul, 1980.Sun Lixia. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Harbin: Harbin Engineering UP, 2007.Xue Yan, “A Retrospective in the English Language.” Journal of Lan Zhou Railway University. 21.2.(2002): 110-19.潘建. 英汉语言性别歧视的比较研究J. 外语与外语教学, 2001(3): 14-16.王学信. 性别歧视在英语使用中的反映J. 山东外语教学, 2005(4): 34-37.
