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1、文化差异在中西方饮食习惯中的体现A Study on Cultural Differences in the Habits of Diets between the Eastern and Western CountriesAbstract：With the advancement of economic globalization, the interactions between different cultures have been increasingly intensified. People with different culture backgrounds may inevi
2、tably encounter diverse problems. Consequently misunderstandings and conflicts may arise in cross-cultural communication. This calls for our research into different cultures so that we can find out problem-solving methods and strategies. Difference in dietary culture is one of the problems that are
3、worth our attention. Chinese is a country with a long history and boasts a variety of cuisines. Chinese dietary culture has been always in the leading position of the world from the past to now, and it is also the very important part of the Chinese culture. The Western dietary culture has its typica
4、l features, being fast, hygienic, nutritious and scientific. Chinese dietary culture pursues the synthetic beauty such as color, smell, taste, flavor, sound and the environment. The comparative study attempted by the author intends to promote the mutual understanding and communication between China
5、and the Western. Nations need to understand each others. In the cooperation, nations gain more benefits from mutual help and make everybody enjoy a happy life. The findings in this thesis will help nations to draw on each others merits and make mutual progress.Key words: cultural; habit; difference;
6、 diet 摘要：随着经济全球化的发展，不同文化间的交往也不断加强。不同文化背景、不同世界观价值观的人们在交往过程中不免会发生各种各样的问题，误解和冲突就会产生。这就要求我们对不同文化进行研究，从而找到解决问题的方法和策略。饮食文化的差异就是值得我们关注的问题之一。中国有着悠久的历史与引以为傲的各势各样的烹调技术。直到今天中国的饮食文化一直处于世界的领先位置，它已经成为中国文化中的重要的一部分。西方饮食文化讲究快捷方便、卫生、营养、科学。中国的饮食文化追求色，香，味，行，意和环境。作者希望通过中西饮食文化比较，能增进两种文化间的理解与交流，进而互相学习，取长补短，和谐共处，共同发展。国家开始需
7、要了解彼此。在合作中，帮助彼此得到更多的利益而使每个人享受快乐生活。这是理想，只要大家去做，世界会变得更好。关键词：文化；习惯；不同；饮食ContentsI. Introduction.2II. Literature Review.3III. Comparisons of Diets between the Chinese and Western.3A. What to eat? eat everything or not eat everything.3B. What for in eating delicious or nutritious.5C. How to eat together
8、or separately6D. Differences in dietary habit.71. Differences in tableware.72. Differences in the mood of cooking93. Differences in daily diet9IV. Conclusion10Works Cited12I. IntroductionFood is necessary for the maintenance of human existence and it is an important part of human life. Food is an in
9、dispensable material for developing human and society. In the long course of historical development, the human diet may form the food culture and eventually come into the nations character. Food culture mainly refers to how people process food. Diet is not only to meet the people physical needs, and
10、 more importantly, it is a social behavior with rich cultural connotations. Due to the natural environment, geography, climate, economy, politics, religion, philosophy, history, and many other factors, a variety of food cultures are formed. The remedial principles of food in Chinese are very special
11、 and complete. Chinese people believe that the food and remedy can be combined, the medicine and food have the same sources. Chinese people also pursue the synthetic beauty in food such as color, smell, taste, flavor, sound and the environment. The vigorous vitality of Chinese dietary culture is emb
12、odied primarily in the continuous changes and improvement of new menus and new food remedies.Westerners foods dont pay attention to delicacy, but it pursues nourishment and convenience. The Westerners want to compute nourishment and calories each time over eating food. The Westerners started pursuin
13、g the flavor of food now. This is a good beginning, hoping our country advanced food culture can promote the development of western food culture.The comparative study attempted by the author intends to promote the mutual understanding and communication between China and the West. The findings will h
14、elp both countries to draw on each others merits and raise the level together and to make further progress side by side. There are apparent differences between China and the West in the food-culture. It is beneficial to understand the differences in these two cultures by analyzing the reasons, which
15、 can overcome the barriers, cultivate peoples adaptation and avoid misunderstanding in the cross-cultural communication. II. Literature ReviewYi Zhongtian has given a penetrating expounding about culture in China and the West in the book of Food on the Table Culture. He said the ideological core of
16、Chinese culture is the “herd mentality”; and the ideological core of Western culture is “the individual consciousness.” Therefore, when Westerners treat others, they point dishes, the drink of the wine, or other kinds of food for themselves. They do not like to impose their will on others. However,
17、Chinese culture believes that individuals will be subject to the common will of the group. Since the intended purpose of sympathy with the intention of blood, his or her way etiquette naturally in harmony, so the Chinese people love dinner, joy of food, talk about harmony. From the Han Xiaolings boo
18、k of English-China Idioms and Folk Culture, Jesus told people: “When you fast, do not look somber as the hypocrites do, for they disfigure their faces to show men they are fasting. I tell you fast, put oil an you head and wash your face, so that it will not be obvious to men that you are fasting, bu
19、t only to your Father, who is unseen; and your Father, who sees what is done in secret, will reward you.From M.E.Sokoliks book, American cookbook from the 1960s and youre likely to find recipes for Baked Alaska and tuna casserole. In the 1970s, it was Steak Diane and scalloped potatoes. The 1980s br
20、ought pasta primavera and quiche. In the 1990s, it was polenta and sorbet. Why does food taste change? One reason it that many people get tired of eating the same food all the time.From English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture by Han Xiaotao, the Chinese diet culture owes greatly to the countrys long
21、 history and it highlights artistic value and nutritious collocation.III. Comparisons of Diets between the Chinese and WesternA. What to eat? eat everything or not eat everythingChinese diet has luxuriant raw materials. China is a vast country. Each area has a wealth of local specialties. This means
22、 that the food of ingredients and cooking styles are incredibly wide and varied. Considering materials, Chinese food is famous for its richness in materials. Haruko Kimura, a Japanese food expert, pointed out the characteristics of eating everything for Chinese in his Characteristics of Chinese Cuis
23、ine: “almost anything can be raw materials for Chinese food, including flowers and trees, birds insects and fish that grows in the world. Dishes made from rare birds and animals are most attractive, so are often mentioned. The materials the Chinese eat are a wide range, and Chinese eat anything that
24、 flies in sky, runs on the ground, grow in the fields, swims in water. In addition to the common grains, they will eat animals innards, sharks fin, swallows nest other people dont eat, as well as cats, dogs, rats and all kinds of other things that are unacceptable for the Westerners. ” The ways of e
25、ating are even more, including breakfast, lunch, snacks, dinner and supper. They eat well in usual time, and more extravagant in festivals. But the Western has fewer raw materials.The vegetable that the westerner mainly eat are green bean, choisum, sprout of bean, knife bean, mushroom and so on. The
26、 meat mainly includes chicken, fish, pork and beef. The westerner dont love easting pigs knuckles, the chicken claw, sea cucumber, animal internal organs, fat meat and so on. So, compared with several thousands of food material in Chinese diet, the westerner has few.As far as dietary contents are co
27、ncerned, as China has always been a major agricultural country, coupled with population pressure and presence of a variety of other reasons, Chinese diet has been grain-based, less meat and more grain supplemented by vegetables since Qin dynasty. According to a survey by Western botanists, there are
28、 more than 600 kinds of vegetables in Chinese food, which is six times more than in the West. In fact, the vegetarian is common in traditional Chinese cuisine, and meat can only enter normal diet on holidays or under a high standard of living conditions and vegetables usually play an important role
29、in the normal diet.Unlike Chinese view of a diet structure, Westerners as descendants of nomadic and sailing families who lived on fishing and hunting are mostly with animal-based food. Though farming proportion has been increased in modern times, the meat proportion in food is still higher than tha
30、t of Chinese. Westerners have a lot of taboos in choice of material of food, and the most typical manifestation is the choice of the animal innards. Chinese eat everything and they believe that food can substitute medicine and nourishing can be done by what to eat, almost all internal organs of anim
31、als will become a delicious cuisine through the work of cook. Westerners think that the animal innards are unclean, so the animal offal is excluded.B. What for in eating-being delicious or nutritiousChinese culture proposes a sort of eating culture. But eating food is not necessary in the West. The
32、importance of diet has political influence in China. The earliest political thesis on diet is our country. Si Maqian proposed the idea that the food was God for people. Chinese traditional politics has hierarchy, keep this order with etiquette system. The philosophy of western diet is affected by Ch
33、ristianity. Christianity told the people: “Therefore I tell you, do not worry about your life, what you will eat or drink, or about your body, what you will wear. Is not life more important than food, and the body more important than clothes? So do not worry, saying, “What shall we eat?” or “What sh
34、all we drink?” For the pagans run after these things, and you heavenly Father knows that you need them.” So the Westerners dietary philosophy is temperate. Chinese diet is in pursuit of being delicious. Lin Yutang said, “Chinese cooking relies on a variety of harmonization and reconciliation of diff
35、erent tastes. It is different from that of the West in its reconciliation of tastes.” Haruko Kimura has some brilliant statement on Chinese dishs taste: “Chinese food is rather a complex flavor than a single flavor, and of rather overlapping taste from several tastes than a single taste. Chinese foo
36、d is to mix not only several ingredients, but to reconcile the flavors and other tastes to create a hybrid flavor during the cooking process. ” In short, the ultimate goal of Chinese food relies not only on the taste of raw material itself, but also form the cooking and seasoning factors into a harm
37、onious delicious Chinese people. Si Maqian proposed the idea that Chinese people also pursue the synthetic beauty such as color, smell, taste, flavor, sound and the environment. Unlike Chinese food in emphasizing of taste and reconcilement, the Western diet is in pursuit of nutrition. Christian stre
38、sses that people shall be of absolutely obedience to God and respect for the soul and advocates that the human senses shall inhibit the bodys desires. Christian told people to underestimate the value and meaning of carnally life and pay more attention to the afterlife and happiness in heaven. Christ
39、ianity told us that human ancestors were expelled from the Garden of Eden as a result of eating the forbidden fruit, so human beings were born of original sins, they must believe in God, attend religious services, and continuously repents to purify their mind and can be happy. People need to control
40、 their desire for eating. For Westerners, food is to maintain the life and health, not for pleasure. Modern Western science and civilization play an important role in the formation of Western diet today. It is rather simple to analyze food ingredients and supply the bodys nutritional needs. For the
41、Westerners, attention is being paid to what nutrition the food has and how much heat it will produce and taste is always secondary.In brief，compared two different diets, Chinese diet concept focus on taste, and the West is a rational eating. Regardless of food color, aroma, taste, ingest nutrition m
42、ust be settled, Westerner one day pay attention to have how much calories, vitamins, protein one day and so on. Even the same food has same taste, people must eat - because this food has nutrition. The food concepts in the whole of Western philosophy are compatible. Metaphysics is the main features
43、of Western philosophy. This philosophy has brought vitality to western culture, so in the natural sciences, psychology and methodology achieve a rapid development. But in other connection, this philosophy has reversed significance, such as food culture. In the banquet, you can pay attention to table
44、ware, materials, service, vegetables, raw materials, shape and color with respect, but no matter how luxury is the banquet, steak is only one flavor, no arts to speak. As a dish, chicken is chicken, steak is steak. Even food has other raw material, which is man-made, the flavor doesnt change. A “Fre
45、nch-style rack of lamb” while put mashed potatoes, lean lamb chops, cooked green beans, and a few pieces tomato, the color is contrast, but the taste of materials independent of each other, each is different in flavor. This style is simple and clear.C. How to eat - together or separately In Chinese
46、culinary culture, “eating together” is a method of enhancing the relationships between people. In China, people are eating together at any banquet, both host and guests sit around and share the dishes on one table and persuade each other to eat the dishes and toast together. In Chinese custom, as lo
47、ng as people could eat together, they should eat like a family without any estrangement. Eating-together system embodies Chinese traditional philosophy of harmony and the dual complementary concept, and it also meets the psychological needs of the Chinese praying for reunion. Outside the family, eat
48、ing together with friends or even strangers becomes a method of enhancing ties between people. Culture determines the persons lifestyles and behaviors. We can say that it is Chinese culture that determines Chinese adoption of the way of eating together instead of eating separately. The Westerners favor a “separate-eating system”, they always like eating by themselves. This individualistic behavior embodies the independent personality and respects others in interpersonal relationship. Compared with the eating-together s
