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1、A Study of Investment Approach for Foreign Companies in Accordance with the Policy Change in ChinaChia-Han Yang Ph.D Candidate, Institute of Management of Technology, Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, E-mail: chyang.mt93gnctu.edu.tw Jerry Tang Ph.D Candidate, Institute of Management of Technol
2、ogy, Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, E-mail: jerry.tang.tw Joseph Z. Shyu Professor, Institute of Management of Technology, Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, E-mail: josephcc.nctu.edu.tw AbstractThis paper aims at studying strategic imperatives of foreign companies amid the new policy
3、change in China as a result of the 17th party congress. In particular, high-tech firms operating at different levels of technology will face different pressure to change, as technology posts the central spot in highly intensive competition. An analytical model of industrial innovation resource is us
4、ed in this research to evaluate high-tech foreign firms at different levels of technology including decline, cognitive, coordinative, and cooperative technology, for proposing the firm-level development strategies. The results show that the investment in cognitive technology would experience the gre
5、atest challenge due to the considerable resource demand of capital, labor, or land, whereas foreign firms intends to develop cooperative and coordinative technologies to gain product leadership requires to work close with their counterparts in China to gain speed and cost advantages.Key words: indus
6、trial innovation resource, economic reform, cognitive technology, coordinative technology, cooperative technology 1. IntroductionThis study aims at studying strategic imperatives of foreign companies amid the new policy change in China as a result of the 17th party congress. In particular, high-tech
7、 firms operating at different levels of technology will face different pressure to change, as technology posts the central spot in highly intensive competition. An analytical model of industrial innovation resource is used in this research to evaluate foreign firms at different levels of technology
8、including decline, cognitive, coordinative, and cooperative technology, for proposing the innovative strategies.The 17th party congress and the 11th-5 year Economic Planning announced by the State Council of China aimed at stabilizing regional economic development by controlling raw material prices
9、and financial policies. There are unprecedented new policies likely to be exercised, such as corporate income tax, environmental protection, and new employment contracts, which would present significant challenges for costs of foreign firms operating in China. Among the policy instruments, the Chine
10、se government announced that the nations future economic policy is likely to be based on firm-driven in lieu of traditional government-driven growth. Secondly, consumption-based economic development will take a greater priority over investment-oriented growth. In other words, the Chinese government
11、intends to emerge itself from a planner and dictator to a facilitator in a market-driven economy. Under this interpretation, we constructed an analytical model of industrial innovation resource to depict the inter-linkages between four levels of technology and eight industrial innovative resources,
12、thereby evaluating the impact of policy change amid the new economic reform in the views of industrial innovation process. As a result, the innovative strategies of foreign investment in the different level of technology could be devised relying on the requirements of industrial innovation resource.
13、 The results of this finding show that the FDI in cognitive technology in a mature market would experience the greatest challenge due to the considerable resource demand of capital, labor, or land, whereas foreign firms intends to develop cooperative and coordinative technologies to gain product lea
14、dership requires to work close with their counterparts in China to gain speed and cost advantages2. Evolution of Economic Reform in ChinaA substantial body of literature provides a review of the Chinas economic reform process which started in 1978 and has continued to the early 21st century. This pr
15、ocess has involved at many elementary transformations of the institutions that make up the economic system (Pyle, 1997, Hou and Hou, 2002, Kash, Auger and Li, 2003, Dutta, 2005). Chinas industrialization over the past 30 years, from revolution to reform, has been marveled by the rest of the world, d
16、ue to the amazing growth of gross domestic product (GDP) at an average rate of about 10% (11.4% in 2007).As this review shown, the first reforms in the late 1970s and early 1980s consisted of opening trade with the outside world, instituting the household responsibility system in agriculture, by whi
17、ch farmers could sell their surplus on the open market (Lardy, 1983). The challenge in this stage was to solve the problems of motivating labors to produce a larger surplus and to avoid economic imbalances that were common in developing economies. The reforms of the late 1980s and early 1990s focuse
18、d on creating a pricing regulation and decreasing the role of the state in resource allocations (Perkins, 1988, Chow, 1994, Pyle, 1997). Next, the reforms of the late 1990s focused on closing unprofitable sectors and dealing with bankruptcy in the financial or banking system (Dutta, 1995, Dutta, 200
19、5). After the start of the 21st century, increased focus has been placed on several contemporary challenges such as energy, wage, labor relation, regional inequality, ownership in industrial sectors after WTO accession in China (Jian, Sachs and Warner, 1996, Rimmer, 1997, Liu and Woo, 2001, Guthrie,
20、 2002, Wei et al., 2006).In addition, with knowledge dynamically evolving and globally proliferating, industrial development and competitive situation are profoundly changed by global and internet economy. Recent studies about China economic reform are now available to shed some light on the regiona
21、l economic development induced by globalization and foreign direct investment (FDI) (Cheung, Chinn and Fujii, 2006, Ng and Tuan, 2006, Tuan and Ng, 2007). The region state has become the geographical and economic unit of the borderless world in this global economy due to the radically changed landsc
22、ape and end of the nation state (Ohmae, 2001, Millar, Choi and Chu, 2005). China is the typical country where the phenomenon of the region state has taken off most successfully. In the 1980s, the government opened up a number of special economic zones aimed at attracting foreign direct investment (K
23、im and Knaap, 2001, Fujita and Hu, 2001), resulting in several successful regional clusters in eastern coast of China (Bai, Du, Tao and Tong, 2004). The current boom in demand by the Chinese economy is mostly based around business in these regions or industrial parks (Tan, 2006, Wu, 2006, Lai, Chiu
24、and Leu, 2007, Zhu and Tann, 2007). If one looks at the China as region-states, then 9 of the top 15 Asian “countries” by GDP or population are Chinese (Ohmae, 2005).3. Foreign Direct Investment in ChinaA comprehensive description of China economic reform, the majority focused on the role of foreign
25、 direct investment (FDI), is well related to the scope of this research. Some theories take foreign investment as a beneficial factor that can be an important source of capital, technology spillover, and knowledge flow for developing countries. Others point at the dangers of foreign companies crowdi
26、ng out local competitors as well as introducing imperfect competition. At the positive side, FDI can affect economic growth through various channels, such as enhancing capital formation, technology spillover, managerial practice diffusion, and competition and demonstration effects (Wu, 1999). Severa
27、l studies try to evaluate the contribution of FDI to Chinas economic growth and the policy or market attractor in China for foreign companies (Sun, Tong and Yu, 2002, Hsiao and Hsiao, 2004). With Chinas cheap labor and the Chinese governments policy bias in favor of export-oriented FDI, it is not su
28、rprising that a number of researches find a complementary relationship between FDI and economic success in China.In the view of history, foreign investment has been generally promoted in most of industry sectors since China adopted the open policy along with economic reform in 1978. Specific policy
29、instruments have been formulated and implemented by the Chinese government to guide foreign investments toward targeted industrial sectors, to balance the positive and negative impacts of foreign investment, and to aid the growth of Chinas indigenous industry (Branstetter and Feenstra, 2002). The tw
30、o provinces, Guangdong and Fujian together, are the originally sites of the special economic zones, established in 1979, and giving preferential tax and administrative treatment to foreign firms investing there. These two zones maintain a dominant position as the most critical site of FDI activity.
31、Next, China opened her 14 coastal cities only in early 1985, and published the Regulation on Encouraging Investment by Foreign Firms in late 1986 (Wu, 1999). These policies represented a major liberalization which applied throughout China. Foreign companies were made eligible for reduced tax rates r
32、egardless of location, and were given increased managerial autonomy (Liu, Wang and Wei, 2001, Tan, 2002, Pan, 2003, Li, 2005). There is a growing empirical literature on the researches of FDI in China, which can be separated into several strands. A first group of studies focuses on the favor policy
33、approaches such as tax or exchange rate for foreign firms (Tung and Cho, 2000, Tan, 2002, Guijun and Schramm, 2003, Giner and Giner, 2004, Xing, 2006), to argue that why the economic policy played a critical role in the early FDI boom. A second group of studies focuses on the spatial determinants of
34、 Asian countries FDI in China, like Japan (Kishi, 2003, Xing, 2007, Ma and Delios, 2007), Korea (Kang and Lee, 2007), Taiwan (Gao, 2003, Zhang, 2005, Dutta, 2006) and Singapore (Yeung, 2000). Studies conclude that several important characteristics, including the regional distribution, geographic pro
35、ximity, investment cost, and cultural similarity effect the strategic consideration of FDI in East Asian countries (Tuan and Ng, 2004, Baharumshah and Thanoon, 2006). Another group of studies shows the impact of FDI in China in the subjects of regional inequality, intellectual property right, relati
36、ve wage, and dual legal regime (Wu, 2000, Liu et al., 2001, Zhao, 2001, Huang, 2003, Jones, Li and Owen, 2003). The conclusions from these studies are mixed and come from two opposing effects of FDI. Next, there have also been numerous studies dealing with the issues about regional cluster induced b
37、y FDI (Gao, 2004, Tuan and Ng, 2007). These studies have examined the relationship between regional economic development and foreign firms in China. Studies also find the geographical factors are the important determinants affecting foreign entry (Bao et al., 2002, Ng and Tuan, 2003, Gao, 2005, Hong
38、 and Chin, 2007, Amiti and Javorcik, 2008).4. Policy Change in China after 2006The relationship between foreign direct investment and Chinas economic development have been described in the literature review to show the critical role of foreign firms, particularly in the subjects of technology spillo
39、ver, export trade and regional cluster. As a result, an important point for analysis to come would be the strategic considerations or investment decisions for foreign companies breaking into China in response to the new economic reform after 2006.We can list the new policy changes amid the economic
40、reform program in China with the result of Chinas official websites and reports shown as Table 1. As the Table summarized, firstly, the Fifth Plenum in October 2005 approved the 11th Five-Year Economic Planning (2006-2010) aimed at building a harmonious society through more balanced wealth distribut
41、ion and improved education, medical care, and social security. The National Peoples Congress approved this economic program on March 2006. The plan called for a relatively conservative 45% increase in GDP and a 20% reduction in energy intensity by 2010. The plan also indicated there would be a new e
42、mphasis on certain aspects of overall government economic policy, including efforts to protect private property rights, reduce unemployment, to rebalance income distribution between urban and rural regions, and to maintain economic growth while protecting the environment and improving social equity.
43、Next, following the 17th National Congress of CPC, held in October 2007, China government unveiled several proposed amendments to the state constitution. One of the most significant was a proposal to enshrine “The Scientific Outlook on Development” to the constitution. In addition, the amendment als
44、o enshrines the building of a harmonious socialist society into the general program, adding it as a overall arrangements for building socialism with Chinese characteristics, emphasizing it unwaveringly consolidates and develops the public sector of the economy and unswervingly encourages, supports a
45、nd guides the development of the non-public sector. These amendments demonstrate the Scientific Outlook on Development as saying the Party works to balance urban and rural development, development among regions, economic and social development, relations between man and nature, and domestic developm
46、ent and opening to the outside world, adjust the economic structure, transform the pattern of economic development, and making China an innovative country and a resource-conserving, environment-friendly society.The economic and investment impact of these policy changes after 2006 would be listed in
47、the Table 1, to show the unfavorable shock in cost, taxation, export, and location decision to FDI. The innovative strategies of foreign firms, to face the impact of economic reform in China, would also be discussed in the subsequent analysis in this research.Table 1. New policy change of economic r
48、eform in ChinaEconomic reformObjectivePolicy toolImpact to FDIThe 11th-5 year Economic Planning (Oct. 2005)w Optimizing industrial structurew Regional balancew Harmonious societyw Environment & resourcew Building a resource-efficient and environment-friendly society w Rejuvenating the country throug
49、h science and educationw Implementing mutually beneficial and win-win opening up strategyw Building a harmonious societyw Strengthening construction of socialist culturew Higher operational cost (labor, land, taxation, loan)w Preferential policy for export reduce (taxation, exchange rate)w Investment limitation (location, industrial sector)w Preferential policy change from coast to inlandw Energy, resource conserving & environmental protectionw Devel
