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1、Fermi National Accelerator LaboratoryTechnical Division Development and Test DepartmentMail stop 316P.O. Box 500 Batavia, Illinois 60510TD-00-02704/11/2000Concept for a QUENCH-CALCULATION PROGRAMfor the Analysis of Quench Protection Systems for Superconducting High Field Magnets P. Bauer, A. Zlobin,
2、 M. Lamm, G. Sabbi, T. OgitsuAbstract:Superconducting high field magnets have to be protected from damage during quenches with quench protection heaters, which, when fired, accelerate the current decay in the magnet during a quench. This type of scheme is called active quench protection. The develop
3、ment of an active quench protection tailored to a specific magnet requires the use of simulations. A physical model of the quench process, now well established in the superconducting accelerator magnet development community is presented in this note. Eventually this document will serve as the concep
4、tual basis of a user-friendly quench protection program, to be programmed in the near future. Such a tool will be required for the quench protection system design for the real size LHC IR quadrupoles at FNAL and for various types of high field Nb3Sn magnets presently in the design stage at Fermilab
5、and LBNL. The quench protection program should be integrated into the magnet development software package developed at KEK.1) INTRODUCTION1.1) Quench Protection for Superconducting MagnetsA superconducting magnet can be represented as a series network of inductances and resistances. The ohmic resist
6、ance of the winding is zero in the superconducting state and grows after an accidental break-down of superconductivity. The quench can occur in any part of the magnet and its occurrence is unpredictable. Although todays superconductors have a matrix made from good normal conductor, they usually, for
7、 cost and efficiency reasons, do not have enough normal conductor to safely accommodate the current transferring from the superconducting filaments in case of a quench. Therefore, superconducting high field magnets would burn out as a consequence of a quench if there werent any special measures take
8、n to protect them from the excessive temperature rise due to their transition to the resistive state. These protection measures consist in accelerating the current decay in the magnet, such that there is not enough time for excessive temperature rise. Following the representation of the magnet as an
9、 inducto-resistive network (with its leads clamped as it occurs usually when the device is disconnected from the power supply upon quench detection), the time constant can be reduced either by reducing the inductance of the circuit or by increasing its resistance. The former method (splitting coil i
10、nto sub-coils using protection diodes connected in parallel with the coil or driving different parts of the coil with separate power supplies) is rarely applied whereas the latter method has been widely adopted: It consists in firing a set of quench protection heaters distributed over the coils, tur
11、ning widespread parts of the magnet normal, such that the resistance in the system grows rapidly. The decay of the magnet current accelerates and the part which originally quenched cannot reach dangerous temperature levels. In other words the magnetic energy present in the magnet at the beginning of
12、 the quench process is distributed over the winding as homogeneously as possible when transforming into heat, such that the peak winding temperature remains within stipulated limits. Unfortunately the current decay cannot be accelerated without paying a price: the faster the current decay, the highe
13、r the inductive voltages within the coils. The task of designing a quench protection system consists in keeping both temperature and voltage below critical levels given by the design of the conductor, the insulation scheme and the magnet architecture. The quench protection issue is additionally comp
14、licated by technical limitations of the quench protection systems: it takes time to detect a quench and the thermal response of quench protection heaters is not immediate. During the so called quench detection and the heater delay time (= diffusion time of heat from the heater to the conductors) the
15、 overall magnet resistance is small, given only by the normal state resistivity of the conductor-part turned normal in the wake of a “naturally” progressing quench, and the current does not decay. Normally it is during this time that the temperature rise in the initially quenched region is fastest.
16、Furthermore quench heaters can fail, not only slowing down the current decay but also causing strong temperature imbalances in the magnet which may result in high turn to turn voltages. To analyze these effects it is necessary to recur to simulations first. While protection techniques for NbTi magne
17、ts operating at fields up to 8 T are well developed, new accelerator dipoles for the use in a post-LHC hadron collider require improved protection systems to achieve reliable operation. These dipoles operate at fields above 10 T and use Nb3Sn conductor which carries higher current densities and is m
18、ore sensitive to thermo-mechanical impulses due to a fast temperature rise. At the same time, the efficiency of quench protection heaters is decreased due to a higher enthalpy margin in the Nb3Sn/Cu composite. The quench protection concepts established for magnets using NbTi/Cu conductor have to be
19、revisited for the case of high field magnets using Nb3Sn/Cu conductor. The here presented program will allow to do exactly that. The following presents a set of formulas to describe the quench process starting spontaneously in a chosen part of the magnet and being artificially spread over another se
20、t of chosen parts of the magnet after a given delay with the help of quench heaters. The longitudinal propagation of the spontaneous and the heater induced quench through the magnet is taken into account as well as transverse turn to turn heat propagation through the conductor insulation. The calcul
21、ated magnitudes are temperatures and voltages throughout the magnet during the current decay process. The magnetic field profile (affecting the matrix resistivity) within the magnet cross-section is accounted for, as well as the geometrical details of the conductor placement are taken into account f
22、or the mutual inductance calculations. An adiabatic model is used to calculate the temperature rise within the conductor. The solution of such a model cannot be but numerical an appropriate degree of discretization of the conductor path throughout the magnet has to be chosen. The main input paramete
23、rs are the conductor-placement in the magnet cross-section and the magnet operation parameters. The following proposes a possible path for the implementation of a quench protection program for a typical superconducting accelerator magnet.1.2) Review of Existing Quench Protection Programs1.2.1) QUENC
24、HThe program QUENCH( “Superconducting Magnets”, M.N. Wilson, Oxford University Press 1983), developed in 1968 at DRAL, calculates the quench propagation in a superconducting magnet analytically, treating the winding as a “bulk” with unisotropic heat conduction properties. This program does not fores
25、ee quench protection heaters. Instead it provides the possibility to include coupled secondaries or dump resistors as means of quench protection. Therefore major modifications of QUENCH would be required to adapt it to the purpose of active quench protection schemes using quench protection heaters.1
26、.2.2) QUABERThe program QUABER( “QUABER 2.0, Manuel Utilisateurs”, F. Rodriguez-Mateos, D. Hagedorn, R. Schmidt, J.L. Perinet-Marquet CERN/LHC/ICP, 1994), developed at CERN for the design of the LHC magnet quench protection system is widely used in the superconducting magnet community. It uses a com
27、mercial network solver (SABER) to calculate the temperature distribution in the given conductor array. Embedded in a time loop SABER is called for each time step to calculate the steady state temperature distribution, accounting for transverse heat propagation as well as longitudinal heat conduction
28、. The resistance distribution in the conductor array is then calculated with the temperature distribution from the adiabatic quench integral. QUABER takes into account the magnetic field distribution in the magnet cross-section (specified in input, as provided by ROXIE) and the decay of the magnetic
29、 field together with the current (using an input transfer function). The repartition of quench protection heaters over the coils and the heater delay time are integral part of the program. Although QUABER is a “state of the art” quench protection package and its calculations well confirmed by measur
30、ement( “Quench Process and Protection of LHC Dipole Magnets”, F. Rodriguez Mateos, R. Schmidt, A. Siemko, F. Sonnemann, LHC Project Note 184, June 1999), there are some disadvantages associated to it: SABER is an expensive tool used at only a fraction of its capabilities (to solve a simple, steady s
31、tate, thermal network problem). Quench integrals and field profiles have to be calculated separately and imported into the main program, which makes the program less user-friendly. Turn to turn and to ground voltage calculations have not been included yet, thus QUABER fails to provide an important i
32、nformation required in the design of a magnet quench protection system.1.3) Motivations for the Here Proposed Quench Protection ProgramTaking into account the deficits and disadvantages of some of the existing quench calculation programs, it is useful to envisage a new program, which provides “state
33、 of the art” quench calculations. Such a program should account for the magnetic field distribution in the conductor cross-section, for transverse turn to turn heat propagation and allow for the implementation of quench protection heaters. It should be capable of calculating the evolution of current
34、, temperature, turn to turn voltage and voltage to ground during the quench process. As a new feature, relating to the use of brittle Nb3Sn superconductor, it should calculate the thermo-mechanical stress in the conductor during the temperature rise following a quench. Furthermore it should be user-
35、friendly, independent of other programs, platform independent and provide the possibility to choose between default input and external input in what refers to material properties, quench integral, field map, inductance matrix, .etc. The concept for such a program is presented in the following. The m
36、odel description in chapter 2 gives an introduction to the general concepts applied in the calculation of the major quantities like temperature, resistance, current and voltage. A special chapter is dedicated to the specification of the input and output parameters. Finally the program structure is l
37、aid out in detail in chapter 4. Detailed calculations of the specific heat, matrix resistivity, magnetic field, inductance matrix, quench propagation velocity and thermo-mechanical stress are listed in the appendix (chapter 5).2) MODEL DESCRIPTION2.1) Calculation of Maximal TemperatureIn the adiabat
38、ic (= no cooling) limit the maximal temperature of a quenched superconductor can be calculated from the quench integral (QI). The quench integral (QI) is derived from the space independent and adiabatic version of the heat balance equation describing heat generation due to current flowing in the nor
39、mal matrix in a thin wire, thus relating the heat capacity of the composite to the Joule heat generation of the current in the normalconducting matrix (see appendix). The QI can be calculated from the material properties (heat capacity cp and matrix resistivity rCu) or from the current decay profile
40、. The standard approach is to provide the quench calculation program maximum temperature versus QI tables for various magnetic fields (e.g. 0-20 T), calculated from the material properties. The program then computes the maximum temperature of the conductor for each time step by relating the QI obtai
41、ned from the simulated current decay profile with a temperature in the QI tables. A fast interpolation algorithm is paramount for this calculation. It is important to note that the QI integration starts at quench time, thus each coil-part is related to a different “MIIts-clock” by its own time of qu
42、enching. 2.2) Calculation of the ResistanceThe temperature and the magnetic field map provide the basis for the calculation of the ohmic resistance of each segment (see resistivity calculation in appendix). However, the resistance of each spatial magnet segment is not determined solely by these magn
43、itudes but depends as well on the length of the normal zone(s) in the segment. The calculation of the normal zone length requires information about the nature of the quench (spontaneous, through heaters or through quench propagation), the time when the quench occurs, and the material properties rela
44、ted to quench propagation (quench propagation velocity, transverse turn to turn heat diffusion time). The core of the program is dedicated to mapping the spread of the quench through the winding from time-step to time-step. The quench starts spontaneously at t=0 and spreads via longitudinal and tran
45、sverse propagation. After the heater delay time all half-turns covered by (active) heaters are quenched over their full length. The heater induced quenches also propagate longitudinally and transversely. The longitudinal heat propagation is fully described with the quench propagation velocity and th
46、e length of the half-turns. The transverse turn to turn heat transfer is accounted for using a time criterion (transverse diffusion time tt). It is assumed that tt after a quench in a half-turn (whatever its origin) the quench has spread to its neighboring half-turns. In case the original quench was
47、 “point-like” (spontaneous or propagated from the next half-turns), the transversely propagated quench will be point-like as well (and then propagate longitudinally). In case the original quench was spread over the whole half-turn (e.g. as a result of heater action) the transversely propagated quenc
48、h will as well affect the whole neighboring half-turn. It is important for the temperature calculation that the quench time of each segment is recorded to set the start time for the accumulation of QI (and thus the rise of temperature).2.3) Calculation of the Current DecayAssuming that the magnet po
49、wer supply is shorted with a resistance (Rd) upon quench detection, a time constant at time i, ti, can be calculated from the calculated total magnet resistance (the sum of the resistance of all segments) and the total inductance L. The time constant t is used to calculate the new current, the QI and thus the new temperature distribution in the coils, giving a new resistance and so forth - until the current has dropped to zero (see current dec
