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1、Context of globalization, the causes of the blue barriers Political Economy AnalysisAbstract: This paper analyzes the use of political and economic theory in the political and economic context of globalization, from the North-South political and economic disparities, class, power, factor intensity a
2、nd the wage gap in perspective the reasons for the developed countries to build the blue barriers. Finally concluded that: the developed countries to build trade barriers, there is a blue source of political and economic. Key words: blue barriers to freedom of association and effective recognition o
3、f Within the framework of a global blue barriers (A) the meaning of the blue barriers Since the 20th century, 90 years, the United States led the developed countries actively promote the introduction of international trade agreements with the workers conditions of work-related terms, which some labo
4、r conditions for the realization of the goal as a market access conditions. It, together with the environment-related provisions in international trade agreements known as the social clause. Environmental provisions are sometimes referred to as the green terms, as the labor provision is mainly aimed
5、 at blue-collar workers, it is also known as blue terms. As the labor provision could have a limiting effect on free trade, so we called the blue barriers to such restrictions. (B) The historical review of the blue barriers Signed in 1948, but implementation of the Havana Charter contains provisions
6、 for fair labor standards. In 1993, the first 8 Uruguay Round negotiations of the Marrakech meeting, the United States and other developed countries, put forward in the international trade rules set up a social clause, but did not be achieved. In 1996, the first ministerial meeting of WTO held in Si
7、ngapore, the Singapore Ministerial Declaration adopted will be core labor standards as a new issue has been explicitly included in the declaration. At the regional level, the United States is the most active international labor standards and strongly praised his writing the contents of unilateral or
8、 multilateral trade provisions of the country. United States Trade Act of 1974 and 1988 years of article 310 of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act section 1302 are related to labor protection issues. Entered into force in 1984, the economic revitalization programs in the Caribbean, and took e
9、ffect in 2000 the African Growth and Opportunity Act contains the number of labor standards. Implemented in 1994 the North American Labor Cooperation Agreement is clearly related to labor rights in trade agreements, after the implementation of the agreement the three acts of violation of the agreeme
10、nt has been severely to stop. In addition, the United States and Cambodia, Jordan, Chile, Singapore, Morocco, Bahrain, Australia, Colombia signed a free trade agreement provisions are included in blue. Some other developed countries in the signing of trade agreements, and sometimes add some labor pr
11、ovisions, such as Canada and Chile, Costa Rica, Perus free trade agreement. In addition, the developed countries in the implementation of the GSP when the labor issue as one of the constraints. Blue barriers related literature briefly Blue provisions generally include freedom of association and effe
12、ctive recognition of the right to collective bargaining; the elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labor; the effective abolition of child labor; and the elimination of discrimination in employment and occupation; minimum wages, working hours, occupational safety and health. These article
13、s do not meet the national conditions of developing countries, which constitute barriers to trade. Xiang Ge (2007) Comparison of the core labor standards and the larger the gap between Chinas laws and regulations. Brown, Deardorff and Stern (1996) that many of the labor standards, such as the abolit
14、ion of forced labor, minimum working age, minimum wage and restrictions on hours of work are the use of labor standards. They will reduce a countrys available labor force, thereby reducing the abundance of labor. This means that developing countries to meet the terms of the level of the blue, we nee
15、d to spend more of the costs, the trade will be limited. Blue provision is sometimes an excuse for less-developed countries designed to improve the labor situation. However, Grossman and Krueger (1993) that the labor provision would not give many of the protections for workers in developed countries
16、, because developed and developing countries, differences in wages and working conditions too. Krueger (1996) also believe that the labor provision is in fact not directed at the poorest people in developing countries, because they either do not work, or non-compliance with labor standards in the in
17、formal sector. Klevorick (1996) that the provision is in fact blue is associated with developed countries, the conditions of the residents, rather than focusing on low-standard countrys welfare or the pursuit of their well-being. Krueger (1996) pointed out that the prevailing view is that political
18、economy: trade and labor standards, the link begins with protectionist motives. He was devoted to whether the terms of the blue with the trade protectionism. According to his analysis to support the blue barriers, whether the person is from international labor standards would benefit most people. In
19、 1995 the United States to curb child labor bill, for example, he found support for this bills low level of education members and their employment is the most likely to direct benefits to this bill. Barriers to the reasons for the establishment of the blue (A) political, economic globalization in th
20、e context of the historical gap between the North and South 90 years since the 20th century, the developed economies are already in the post-industrial era, workers whose income is higher, higher labor productivity. The aftermath of capitalist primitive accumulation stage, the developed countries al
21、ready have a thick enough economic strength, while people in bad conditions, the labor to produce revulsion. Out of human nature and ideas of enlightenment, both residents of the developed countries have been reluctant to itself in the position of cruel exploitation, but also want to see workers in
22、other countries in this production environment, and therefore tend to propose the formulation of an international labor standards, and put it into the international political treaties and international trade agreements. The general economic backwardness of developing countries, and the economic situ
23、ation varies widely. Many developing countries also face the task of economic take-off, and even food and clothing problem is not resolved. For some developing countries, the maintenance of labor standards is a luxury thing. (B) the strength of class From the perspective of class forces. A common fe
24、ature of developing countries occupy an important place of agricultural economy. Even advanced industrial countries, is also faced with the dual economy. The small number of workers in developing countries on the one hand, on the other organization is not strong, their political voice is weak. Many
25、workers in developed countries inherited from the generations of professional workers, coupled with relatively mature industry association, organization is very strong. And mastery, the blue-collar workers wages are relatively high, developed countries have also cultivated a sizeable middle class. I
26、n fact, the economic conditions play a great role for political power. Follows (1951) pointed out that the developed countries, labor legislation, the Government agreed with the labor movement is mainly due to the strength is growing. The wealth of the working class to a certain extent affect the go
27、vernments decision-making, but also the owner of the working environment, and capital, wages, working hours of negotiations, if negotiations break down, you can strike. The labor force in ensuring the domestic labor standards in developed countries are not declining, the government in choosing tradi
28、ng partners and to exert pressure on the trade negotiations. (C) the wage gap Workers in developed countries, low wages for foreign workers is not a favorable impression. OECD (1996) pointed out that people in developed countries, especially non-technical staff, concerned about the high standards of
29、 countries with low labor standards in trade will bring high unemployment, and high standards of the countrys wages are not equitable growth. Workers in developed countries, simple and most direct understanding is that cheap labor in developing countries, threatening their jobs; due to low wages in
30、developing countries, they are difficult to raise wages. Due to low wages in developing countries, developed countries no longer produce ordinary workers who need to be able to produce products, while the capital to invest in high-tech industry. However, the high-tech industry to attract the labor f
31、orce are not many. As the trade, and labor in developed countries not only have to face more intense competition in its own, but also the face of foreign low-wage competition. The result of competition is driving down wages. According to factor price equalization theory, although the wages of worker
32、s in the world is growing, however, developed and developing countries in international trade makes the equalization of wages labor. This means that in developing countries, wage increase, while wages in developed countries may decline. Wage gap between workers in developed countries often become ba
33、rriers to inflammatory reasons to support the blue. (D) factor intensity Is generally believed that developing countries have relatively abundant labor, and capital is its relative lack of elements. The fact that developing countries compete to attract foreign investment to prove this point. The dev
34、eloped countries experienced an economic takeoff and capital accumulation, the more solid economic base, capital is relatively abundant, labor is scarce factor in developed countries. Stolper-Samuelson theorem can be inferred, whether in the labor-intensive or capital-intensive industry, industry, t
35、rade, before and after the wages of workers in developed countries are all changing. With international trade, the workers, real wages decreased. Therefore, the elements of developing and developed countries from the intensity point of view, developed countries should build a blue barriers, because
36、the bourgeoisie will not voluntarily give a part to increased earnings and the working class. The working class can choose to press the Government to enable the Government to income redistribution in order to earn compensation, or choose to support the blue barriers to protect their own interests. C
37、learly, the latter should be much easier. Therefore, when the working class may become the direct victims of free trade and indirect beneficiaries, they will opt for the latter to reduce its own direct victims level, it also means to reduce its indirect beneficiaries level. Conclusion First, the dev
38、eloping and developed countries is just a different factor endowments. In the former belonging to elements of labor abundance, while in the latter is a scarce element. Of international trade on the North-South labor income effects are different. Thus, in international labor issues, the formation of
39、two camps north and south, has deep economic causes. Secondly, the developed countries to build a blue barriers, because in international trade, labor standards of the working class in developed countries there is some impact, although this influence has not developed as big as claimed. Finally, the
40、 point is that international trade is still beneficial to developed countries, the blue barriers is not conducive to developing countries, developed countries will also hinder economic development. References: 1. Xiang Ge, On. Core labor standards and our basic constitutional rights of the relationship between the text. Guangxi Management College of Politics and Law Journal, 2007 2. SHE Yun-xia. International Labor Standards: Evolution and controversies. Social Science Documentation Publishing House, 2006
