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1、DEPARTMENT OF JOURNALISM STUDIES ESSAY STYLE AND REFERENCING GUIDEText layoutThe title of the essay or coursework should be written in 14pt Times New Roman or Arial and centred at the top of the first page. Essays should be written in either Times New Roman or Arial 12 point, at 1.5 line spacing and
2、 6pt spacing after each paragraph. Paragraphs should be justified. Any subheadings used should be in bold or underlined.All pages should be numbered consecutively.Referencing conventionThe following guidelines have been adapted from the University of Sheffield Harvard referencing guide. A bibliograp
3、hical reference should contain sufficient information for someone else or yourself to trace the item in a library. It is very important to be consistent and accurate when citing references. The same set of rules should be followed every time you cite a reference. Citations in the text should give th
4、e authors name with the year of publication and then all references should be listed in alphabetical order at the end of the paper/dissertation. Harvard method of quoting in the text When quoting directly in the text use quotation marks as well as acknowledging the authors name, year of publication
5、and page number of the quote in brackets. Short quotations e.g. up to 2 lines can be included in the body of the text:- Weir (1995) states that defining roles and their remits is not simple(p.10).Longer quotations should be indented (1cm) in a separate paragraph:- Thomas and Ingham (1995) in discuss
6、ing staff development state that: Development is infectious, and staff who previously have recoiled from undertaking a degree or conversion course have been encouraged by the success of others(p.33).If part of the quotation is omitted then this can be indicated using three dots:- Weir and Kendrick (
7、1995) state that networking is no longer solely within the male domain . . .(p.88).Harvard method of citation in the text. All statements, opinions, conclusions etc. taken from another writers work should be acknowledged, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised. In the Harvard
8、 System cited publications are referred to in one of the forms shown below: Single author:-In a study by Seedhouse (1997) coping with illness was investigated. In a study (Seedhouse,1997) coping with illness was investigated .When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year
9、 these are distinguished by adding lower case letters after the year within the brackets. Burnard (1992a) wrote about communication for health professionals that .Two authors :-In the book by Basford and Slevin (1995) .More than two authors:-Benner et al (1996) conclude that .If more than one citati
10、on is referred to within a sentence, list them all in the following form, by date and then alphabetically:- There are indications that passive smoking is potentially threatening to the health. ( Francome and Marks, 1996; Bunton, 1995; Lupton, 1995)Secondary referencing Secondary referencing is when
11、one author is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available. You should cite the primary source and the source you have read e.g. (Fiedler and Chemers, 1974, cited in Douglass, 1996). Secondary referencing should be avoided if at all possible. Harvard method of listing ref
12、erences at the end of the text References should be listed in alphabetical order by authors name and then by date (earliest first), and then if more than one item has been published during a specific year by letter (1995a, 1995b etc). Whenever possible details should be taken from the title page of
13、a publication and not from the front cover, which may be different. Each reference should include the elements and punctuation given in the examples below. Authors forenames can be included if given on the title page but they are not required to be. The title of the publication should either be in i
14、talics. A book by a single author:Seedhouse, D. (1997) Health promotion: philosophy, prejudice and practice. Chichester, John Wiley.A book by two authors:Burns, Nancy and Grove, Susan K. (1997) The practice of nursing research: conduct, critique & utilization. 3rd edition. London, Saunders.A book by
15、 more than two authors:Mares, Penny et al. (1995) Health care in multiracial Britain. Cambridge, Health Education Council.A book by a corporate author (e.g. a government department or other organisation):Health Visitors Association (1992) Principles into practice : an HVA position statement on healt
16、h visiting and school nursing. London, Health Visitors Association.An edited book:Basford, Lynn and Slevin, Oliver (eds) (1995) Theory and practice of nursing: an integrated approach to patient care. Edinburgh, Campion.A chapter in a book:Weir, Pauline (1995) Clinical practice development role: a pe
17、rsonal reflection. In: K. Kendrick et al. (eds) Innovations in nursing practice. London, Edward Arnold. p. 5-22.An article in a journal:Allen, A. (1993) Changing theory in nursing practice. Senior Nurse, 13(1), 43-5.An article in a newspaper:White, M. (1998) 68m to cut NHS waiting lists. Guardian, M
18、onday May 18 1998, p.8.If no author name is given then anon should be used instead. Anon (1998) Schemes to boost dental care. Guardian, Monday May 18 1998, p.8.Government publicationsIn broad terms White Papers contain statements of Government policy while Green Papers put forward proposals for cons
19、ideration and public discussion. They are cited in the same way. A White paper:Department of Health (1996) Choice and opportunity: primary care: the future. Cm.3390. London, Stationery Office.A Green paper:Department of Health (1998) Our Healthier Nation: a contract for health. Cm 3854. London, Stat
20、ionery Office.An Act of Parliament:Great Britain (1990) National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990. Chapter 19. London, HMSO.Law Reports: Smith v. Jones (1999) 5 Q.B. 123Conference proceedings:Published conference proceedings with author or editor(s):Banks, S. et al (1998) Networked Lifelon
21、g Learning: innovative approaches to education and training through the Internet: Proceedings of the 1998 International Conference held at the University of Sheffield. Sheffield, University of Sheffield.Paper from published conference proceedings with author or editor(s):Proctor, P. (1998) The tutor
22、ial: combining asynchronous and synchronous learning. In: Banks, S. et al. Networked Lifelong Learning: innovative approaches to education and training through the Internet: Proceedings of the 1998 International Conference held at the University of Sheffield. Sheffield, University of Sheffield. p.3.
23、1 - 3.7.If no author or editor is given on the title page the name of the conference is cited first either in italics or underlined. A thesis or dissertation:Stones, Marian (1995) Women, nurses, education: an oral history taking technique. Unpublished M.Ed. dissertation, University of Sheffield.A se
24、condary reference:Fiedler, F. and Chemers, M. (1974) Leadership and effective management. Glenview, Illinois, Scott Foresman & Co. Cited in: Douglass, Laura Mae (1996) The effective nurse: leader and manager. 5th edition. St. Louis, Missouri, Mosby.Citing electronic sourcesIndividual worksAuthor/edi
25、tor surname, Initial. (Year) Title online. Edition. Place of publication, Publisher. Available from: URLAccessed date. Example: Marieb, E. (2000) Essentials of Human anatomy and Physiology: AWL Companion Web Site.online. 6th edition. San Francisco, Benjamin Cummings. Available from: Accessed 4th Jul
26、y 2001. Include the year of publication in brackets. Most Web pages are updated on a regular basis. Date of publication is the date the pages were last updated. If you are not sure of the date click on View and page source to check when last modified. If no publication date is given write (No date).
27、 Only mention an edition statement if the document clearly states that the pages have been rewritten rather than just updated. The accessed date is when you viewed, downloaded or printed the Web page. This statement is necessary to allow for any subsequent changes which may be made to the page or if
28、 the page is no longer available. The term publisher is used here to cover both the traditional idea of publisher of printed sources, as well as organisations responsible for maintaining sites on the Internet, such as the University of Sheffield. If the place of publication is not stated and cannot
29、be ascertained then leave out. Often information is put on the Internet by organisations without citing a specific author. In such cases, ascribe authorship to the smallest identifiable organisational unit (this is similar to the standard method of citing works produced by a corporate body) or start
30、 with the title. Example: The University of Sheffield Library (2001) Nursing and Midwifery in the Library and on the Internet. online. Sheffield, University of Sheffield. Available from: http:/www.shef.ac.uk/library/subjects/subnurse.html Accessed 4th July 2001. Citing electronic journalsAuthor surn
31、ame, Initial. (Year) Title of article. Journal title online, Volume (part), location within the host. Available from: URL Accessed date. The location within host is the equivalent of page numbering used with printed sources. If the document does not include pagination an alternative may be used e.g.
32、 date, labelled part, or the total number of lines, paragraphs or screens. Example of an article from a journal available in print and electronic form: Handwashing Liaison Group (1999) Hand washing. BMJ online, 318 (7185),686. Available from: Accessed 4th July 2001. Examples of articles from journal
33、s only available online: Snyder, M. (2001) Overview and Summary of Complementary Therapies: Are These Really Nursing? Online Journal of Issues in Nursing online, 6(2), 31st May 2001. Available from: http:/www.nursingworld/ojin/topic15/tpc15ntr.htm Accessed 4th July 2001. Peterson, M. (1997) Skills t
34、o enhance problem-based learning. Medical Education Online online, 2,3. Available from:http:/www.med-ed-online.org/f0000009.htm#reference Accessed 4th July 2001. Citing a newspaper article from an online database such as NewsBank or LexisNexisAuthor (if known) surname, initial. (Year) Title of artic
35、le, Newspaper title, Day, Month. Full-text online. Online database name Accessed date. For example: Slack, J. (2005) Home Office spin kills trust in crime figures. Daily Mail, December 31. Full-text online. NewsBank Accessed 24th June 2006.Citing a full text item from an online bibliographical datab
36、aseAuthor surname, Initial. (Year) Title of article. Journal title. Volume (part), pages. Full-text online. Online database name on host Accessed date. Example of full text article from CINAHL via the Ovid online service: Newens, Andrew J. et al (1997). Changes in reported dietary habit and exercise
37、 levels after an uncomplicated first myocardial infarction in middle-aged men. Journal of Clinical Nursing 6(2), 153-160. Full-text online. CINAHL, Ovid Technologies Inc. Accessed 28th May 1998. Citing an abstract from an online bibliographical databaseAn abstract should only be cited if it has prov
38、ed impossible to obtain the full text of the article and it is essential to your work to do so. Author surname, Initial. (Year). Title of article. Journal title. Volume (part), pages. Abstract online. Online database name on host Accessed date. Example of abstract from CINAHL via the Ovid online ser
39、vice: Redman, G. M. (1997). LPN-BSN: education for a reformed healthcare system. Journal of Nursing Education 36(3), 121-7. Abstract online. CINAHL, Ovid Technologies Inc. Accessed 28thMay 1998. Citation from a database that includes citation instructionsSometimes the database instructs you on how t
40、o cite references. This might be at the end of the article. You must cite the reference as they state. Put in brackets at the end of the citation that this is the case. Example of such a citation: Renfrew MJ and Lang S. Early initiation of breastfeeding. (Cochrane Review) In: the Cochrane Library, i
41、ssue 2. Oxford: Update Software;1998. Updated quarterly. (Citation as instructed) JISCmail/Listserv email listsThese discussion lists generate email messages which are sent directly to the subscriber. Many lists will archive the messages sent. References to these messages should be treated in a simi
42、lar fashion to journal references; using the list name in place of the journal title and the subject line of the message in place of the article title. For Available from use the email address of the list administrator. These details, together with the author, will appear in the message header. Auth
43、or, (Day Month Year). Subject of message. Discussion list online. Available from: JISCmail/Listserv email address Accessed date.Examples: Nott, A.J. (26 Jan 2000) Integrated care pathways. Psychiatric- nursing online. Available from: http:/www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/psychiatric-nursing.html Accessed 5
44、th July 2001. Sandall, J. (24 May 2001) Free web-based virtual midwifery library. Midwifery-research online. Available from: http:/www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/midwifery-research.html Accessed 5th July 2001. Please note that items may only be archived on discussion group servers for up to a year. A loca
45、l copy could be kept by the recipient, who is giving the citation, but a note should be given to this effect. It is also in your interest to print a copy of potentially temporary sources in case you need to prove a source after it has been deleted/moved/changed. Usenet newsgroups/BulletinboardsUsene
46、t newsgroups allow people with similar interests to read and post messages in a common location on the Internet. Author (Day Month Year). Subject heading of message. Newsgrouponline. Available from: Name of Usenet newsgroup Access date. Example: Clark, D. & Young, J. (8 June 2001) Substance Misuse r
47、esource. Uk.sci.med.nursing online. Available from: news:uk.sc.med.nursing Accessed 5th July 2001. If the authors name and initial is not given, use the email name. Example: newsrnld.co.uk (7 June 2001) UK Learning Difficulty Website. Uk.sci.med.nursing online. Available from: news:uk.sc.med.nursing
48、 Accessed 5th July 2001. Personal emailIf you wish to make reference to personal email messages then the following format is recommended. You should get a senders permission to quote a message especially if you quote their email address. However, it is highly unlikely you would be quoting personal e-mail in an academic essay.Sender (Senders Email address) (Day Month Year). Subject of Message.
