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1、Development of Intercultural Communication Awareness in Middle School English TeachingAbstract: Language and culture share a common lot as lips and teeth do. Language is the carrier of culture, and is the reflection of culture in the form of speech. This thesis analyses multitudinous problems throug
2、h the demonstration of relationships between language and culture, especially the problem that the importance of culture teaching for English learning have been ignored in the process of middle school English teaching. The author further elaborates the significance of developing intercultural commun
3、ication awareness in middle school English teaching. The significance is as follows: helping learners to learn efficiently, promoting learners comprehensive abilities and improving learners appropriateness of communication. Accordingly, the author suggests three ways to develop learners intercultura
4、l communication awareness. Concretely, they are: class infiltration, activity infiltration, interculture-knowledge lectures. Key Words: language and culture; intercultural communication awareness; development; English teachingIntroduction In these recent years, intercultural communication awareness
5、has been paid more and more attention to in the process of English teaching in China. For this, it has been an uncontroversial common sense to develop learners intercultural communication awareness and ability in the practice of English teaching in China. However, the fact that middle school English
6、 teaching focus simply on language teaching in form, to some extend, has dominated the whole process of English teaching. This results in problems in the course of English teaching, where there is ignorance of intercultural communication awareness and a lack of intercultural ingredients. However, cu
7、lture plays an important role in English teaching as famous linguist E. Sapir has argued in his works Language that there lies something behind a language, and language cannot exist without culture. Whats more, one famous scholar at home once said that Language and culture share a common lot as lips
8、 and teeth do（Deng Yanchang，1989:24）. As language shares a close relationship with culture, a language, to some extend, reflects the background information of a certain type of culture. Similarly, a certain type of culture will greatly influence a language, such as its vocabulary, grammar, even the
9、way of people expressing their ideas. So, it is crucial to learn relevant culture and to develop learners intercultural communication awareness when learning English for Chinese learners. Through the discussion of the relationship between intercultural communication awareness and English learning, t
10、his paper aims to demonstrate the significance to develop intercultural communication awareness. Then it further lists three ways to develop learners intercultural communication awareness. Finally, it is expected to give assistances to middle school English teaching in China . Relationship between L
11、anguage and CultureLanguage shares a close relationship with culture. Language ability is a kind of special skill gained during the human being evolution. Social linguist Goodenough, W.H. believes that language is a kind of social cultural phenomenon, and the relevant researches should be done from
12、the perspective of the relationship between culture and language in his book. He argues that language in a society is one aspect of the societys culture, and the particularity of language shows that it is a main tool of learning culture during the process of learning and using. Without knowing its c
13、ulture, a foreign language can not be comprehended and used correctly (Goodenough, W.H. 1981:12). Language is the carrier of culture. Dr. Sapir stressed that language shapes our perceptions, and he thought that understanding cultural behavior was impossible unless its development through language wa
14、s thoroughly traced (E. Sapir, 1921:23). Language expresses and embodies cultural reality. If we are in different countries, we must know their cultures, thus, we can use the language freely. On the other hand, language, as a product of culture, helps perpetuate the culture, and the changes in langu
15、age uses reflect the culture changes in return. Language and culture are interdependable and have influence on each other. Language is the very important carrier of culture, but culture has constrains on language. Language plays an important role in all kinds of activities of human being, and it is
16、an indispensable part of social activity. Language has obvious features of culture: it is regular; it is particular to human being; it is acquired, not gene inherited. Historically, language is closed related with nation. People, who have the same ancestor, often speak the same language, whereas, th
17、ere is no necessary relation between language and culture. It is national culture that decides the choice of language that is the same geographic environment, same economic structure, same social institution, and the same style of living of the same psychological quality shared by people.Language is
18、 the reflection of culture. Culture changes constantly in the process of social development. These changes can be reflected in the using of language. Although the basic ingredients of a language can alter, there are some changes like vocabulary, grammar and some sentence structures. Even the compone
19、nts of a certain culture like peoples feeling, thoughts, costumes and their ways of doing things can be embodied in the form of speech.In conclusion, language shares a close relationship with culture. Language is the carrier of culture and is the reflection of culture. As culture, language is the co
20、mmon feature of human beings, and it is the indication distinguishing mankind and animal. This system is determined by human inheriting genes, and all the people share the same inheriting genes of language system. Human language phenomenon can be divided into two levels: language capability and lang
21、uage structure. The former is shared by all the human being, distinguished with animals, while the latter is based on different nations, different cultures. A man with the capability of language must live in a language environment. Only in this case can he acquire the language. Away from the environ
22、ment, people can not achieve this purpose. In a word, to master a language, one must live in the very language cultural environment, or make every effort to learn the language culture. The Significance of Developing Learners Intercultural Communication AwarenessIntercultural communication awareness
23、is very important to help learners to learn English efficiently and it is helpful to promote learners comprehensive ability. Whats most important is that developing learners intercultural communication awareness plays a very important role in improving learners appropriateness of communication. The
24、developing of learners intercultural communication awareness meets learners needs of learning English and fits for the requirement of intercommunication between different countries. Inevitably, the developing of learners intercultural communication awareness has irreplaceable significance for Englis
25、h teaching in China.2.1. Helping Learners to Learn EfficientlyDevelopment of learners intercultural communication awareness will greatly help learners to learn English efficiently. As have demonstrated above, language and culture share relationships with each other, so it is clear that intercultural
26、 communication awareness is helpful to advance learners learning. It is a common sense in English learning that one will find it difficult to understand completely the meaning of the English sentences, although he has recognized the meaning of these words which construct the whole sentence. The reas
27、on of this is that these sentences involve culture contents, which Chinese students feel strange to deal with. Still, usually we have this experience: when we are listening to something familiar to us, no matter what is concerned, usually we can easily understand. Even if there are some new words in
28、 the material, we are able to guess their meanings according to its context. However, when we encounter some unfamiliar material or something closely related to cultural background, we feel it rather difficult. Even if the material is easy, we only know the literal meaning, but cant understand its c
29、onnotation, because we lack knowledge of cultural background. Reading English articles requires a certain language basis, but the competence of reading comprehension is not entirely related to ones language level. Knowledge of cultural background is also important. Reading is a process affected by i
30、ntegration of ones language knowledge, cultural background knowledge and other professional knowledge, and a process of continuous guesses and corrections according to available language material, cultural background and logical reasoning. As a result of this, learners will spend more and more time
31、on pondering the sentences without a clear understanding of this sentence. Consequently, they have wasted much of their time. However, it is known that there is not much spare time given to middle school students and they should learn as much as possible in the limited time. As language is the refle
32、ction of culture, to some extent, learning language means leaning culture itself. In other words, the four basic courses of English learning: listening, speaking, reading and writing contain many components about culture. That is to say, without knowing culture and culture-related knowledge, it is h
33、ard to learn English well. Developing learners intercultural communication awareness aims to make middle school English teaching pay more attention to English culture teaching. And it aims to stimulate learners awareness of recognizing that learning English culture is necessary and helpful to enhanc
34、e their English. Through this, students will have more chances to contact with English culture, after a long times training of this, students will know much about English culture. Thus, when dealing with questions that involve culture, students need not waste much time in thinking over and over. Wha
35、ts more important is that students will have gained English language sense, which will greatly improve their speed and accuracy of solving questions in the text book or tests paper. In short, developing learners intercultural communication awareness will greatly help learners to learn English effici
36、ently. 2.2. Promoting Learners Comprehensive Ability Developing learners intercultural communication awareness is helpful to promote learners comprehensive abilities. It is known that there is a culture block between English culture and Chinese culture, for English is learned in China as a foreign l
37、anguage. As most Chinese learners know little even nothing about English culture, and in their English study there is no good cultural environment that can enhance learners English. However, as has been demonstrated, language shares a close relationship with its culture, so it is necessary for learn
38、er to know as much about English culture. Whats more, English learning, as the learning of a language, has its special features which differ from the learning of other subjects. It is well known that people who are born and grow up in China need not spend much time learning Chinese language as does
39、an English person who is born and grow up in England. What matters here is the environment under which culture can exert a subtle influence on their thinking and behaviors of acquiring their native language. It is clear that culture has great effects on a language. However, in China there is a lack
40、of English cultural environment for English learning. In addition, traditional foreign language teaching does not pay much attention to culture teaching. It focuses mainly on the vocabulary and structures of the sentences. But plenty of facts prove that language is not only a symbol, a system, which
41、 was put forward by pure linguistic scholars, but also a social practice. Therefore successful foreign language teaching must help the student master the knowledge of culture rules, in addition to use them in particular situation. Every nation has its unique culture pattern and language is the carri
42、er of culture. For instance, Asians emphasize the importance of orderly society whereas Americans emphasize the importance of personal freedom and individual rights. Developing learners intercultural communication can promote learners comprehensive abilities. It is difficult for learners who know li
43、ttle even nothing about English culture to comprehend English culture and English language, because English culture differs overwhelmingly from Chinese culture. Now that the English language is different from Chinese language in grammar, structure and thinking ways and so on, it is highly demanding
44、to learn English well. By stressing on the importance of culture teaching and learning, the concept of developing learners intercultural communication awareness will have great influence on learners English thinking structures and thinking ways by the way of cultivating learner intercultural awarene
45、ss and teaching more about English culture. As a result of these efforts, students will form their English language thinking ways as native speakers do. So it will help learners comprehend the English language and English culture well, which can improve their English learning. 2.3. Improving Communi
46、cation Appropriateness“Main aim of foreign language learning is to develop communication competence” (Bi Jiwan, 2005:23). For effective and appropriate use, learners must be familiar with the differences in the foreign culture, which is helpful in learning. After many years of English learning, one
47、must have mastered much knowledge about the English language. Whereas, that does not mean that one can communicate fluently and appropriately in English with English speakers. That is to say, knowing much about a language does not mean having mastered a language itself. As one of most important func
48、tions of a language is to communicate, it is required to use the mastered knowledge for communication. However, the facts are that most of the English learners in China who have learned English and get high marks lack the competence of communicating with their fellows let alone with foreigners. As a
49、 result, many years of great effort seems to be of no great use. Appropriate communication is an important skill which requires an overall mastery of comprehensive competences. As has been proved above, language shares a close relationship with its culture. Cultural background knowledge will advance ones mastering of a language. Speaking is not merely concerned with pronunciation and intonation. Students can only improve their oral English and reach the aim of communication by means of enormous
