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1、Culture differences between Chinese names and English names 目 录题目.摘要及关键词. Introduction.1 II. Surname in China and Western countries.12.1. Han surnames.22.1.1. The origins of Chinese surnames. 22.1.2. The development of Chinese surnames.42.2. English speaking countrys surnames.62.2.1. The origins of
2、Chinese surnames.62.2.2. The development of Chinese surnames.7III. Name in different ways in China and Western countries.93.1. Chinese names.93.2. Westerners names .10IV. The translation of differences of Chinese and Western names.124.1. English translation of Chinese names.124.2. Chinese Translatio
3、n of English Names.13V. Comparison of Chinese and Western nicknames .15VI. Conclusion 16致谢.17参考文献18Cultural Differences between Chinese Names and Western Names. Abstract: name is not only the sign of differentiating the social-members from each other,but also contains a nations language, history, cu
4、lture and religion and so on. Because of the differences of historical development and cultural tradition, two distinctive systems of names formed. This paper from the origin of Chinese name and Western name and the way that people named shows the differences between Chinese and western name culture
5、. Through the name of thorough research we can better understand western culture,and it is good for English learning, and promotes the development of international culture. Key word: western; name; culture; differences从姓名看中西方文化差异 摘 要：姓名不仅是社会成员相互区别的符号，而且隐含着一个民族的语言、历史、文化和宗教等信息。由于各自历史发展和文化传统的差异，中西方之间形成
6、了两种各具特色的姓名体系。本文拟从中西方姓名的起源、取名的方式等方面探讨中西方姓名文化的差异。通过对姓名的深入研究可以使我们更加了解西方文化，有助于英语的学习，促进跨国文化的发展。关键词：中西方，姓名，文化，差异I.Introduction The name of human society has always been an important part of personal identification. In communicative activities, people usually start with the name. Name is the common culture
7、 phenomenon of Chinese and English nations, but the national history, ecology, religion, customs, feelings, aesthetic taste, and different ways of thinking, forming a distinctive name of culture. Name is diverse, culture is also diverse. As carriers of cultures, Chinese and English names are full of
8、 cultural connotations, and result in cultural gap between English and Chinese. Names are used by human beings and they are the signs for people to distinguish one person from the others. They have some particular functions that no other signs can perform. They are not only linguistic symbols, but a
9、lso social symbols, representing relationship in societies and cultures. “Each person has his name which distinguishes himself from other members in the community, and each country has its own name system owing to their different historical and cultural background”. （吴芳，2002） In a word, personal nam
10、es are windows for people to see through different cultures in different societies. According to researching the name, it can make us deeply understand western culture, and help us learn English, and promote the development of international culture.II.Surname Origin The study of surnames has formed
11、a scientific discipline. It has closely relations with census, linguistic, history and archaeology, and has an extremely important role for personnel modernized scientific management. As an edge discipline, the surname study receives the value of various aspects.Because of the change of all previous
12、 dynasties royal government, the official circle ups and downs, years of violence,climate change, ethnic migration and the national migration and other factors, the surname is very confused.2.1.Han surname “The number of family names in Chinese is much smaller than that of English name. So far, we h
13、ave all together less than ten thousand family names, in which 63 family names are from the Han nationality. But in the west, there are 156 thousand family names, among which thirty-five thousand are frequently seen in daily life”.（吴芳，2002）“It is thought that Chinese family names came about in matri
14、archal clan society. At that time, every clan got the distinctive clan name based on their totem or dwelling places. The clan names are the earliest family names which in Chinese are called Xing.”(任瑞，2004)2.1.1 The origins of Chinese surnames “In ancient times, the human beings were not only afraid
15、of natural power, but also respect it. Therefore, both in Chinese and English personal names, we can find lots of names from place, animal, plant, unliving things in nature or natural phenomenon”.（龚爱华，2005） Its source mainly in the following areas: “At beginning, the basic of personal name is totemi
16、sm. Totemism may be animals, plants or unliving things. The group often takes some totem as their ancestor, and then used it as their own names”.（孙守玉,岳红丽，2001） To feud for the name, that name or the name of the country dynasty surname. For example, Zhao, Song, Qin, Han, Qi, Chen, tube, Cao, Cai, and
17、 Wei. A residence for the family name, that is the place where the ancestors of surname. For example, Spring and Autumn Period Qis doctor living in the capital of Siyu, respectively, Stong, West Kuo, Nan Guo, North Kuo, this will be to dongguo, South Guo Wei surname. Cheng doctor living in the west
18、gate, thus it to Simon as a surname. Legend of Fu Xi lived in the East, and his descendants will be to the East as a surname. In his official capacity as a surname, that their ancestors served as an official called the family name. For example, Stuart is the ancient Chinese official in charge of Edu
19、cation and culture, Ma is the official in charge of the military, and their descendants, called on to these official names . Career-name surname that their ancestors career as a surname. For example, stone mason named, the names of potters pottery, witchcraft surnamed Wu, butcher named Tu, Music and
20、 other musicians last name. Color name surname, which is the color of nature as a surname. For example, white, yellow, blue, green and so on. Chinese women both before and after marriage, whether to retain their own independent family name, that is, men and women of various surnames. However, in Bri
21、tain and other Western countries, according to the traditional marriage customs of women in general need to use her husbands surname, that is, women with the husbands surname. If, Marie White Lady and Mr. John Brown got married womans name is Marie Brown. Married women in Hong Kong after her husband
22、s surname often added before his name. For example, XU Xiao-li and ZHANG Xiao-gang got married womans name is Zhang XU Xiao-li. Many go abroad to study and work in Chinese, but also foreign language faculties of students, in order to facilitate contacts with foreigners, often give themselves up a fo
23、reign names, but the name is not reform. And many foreigners come to China to study or work, in order to facilitate contacts with our staff, often from a Chinese name for himself not only the name is the Chinese name, but also a Chinese surname surname.2.1.2.The development of Chinese surnames Our c
24、ountry is the first to use surnames in the world, probably before 5000 Fu Xi time, surname is decided as hereditary, and transmits by the father.Today we said the surname and commontake the surname stroke as the foreword, regards the surname as a unified concept, howeverthe surnameandfamily namehad
25、the strict difference in the ancient times. The surnamerepresents the clan of descent, stems from the matriarchal society, is called the surname of the clan, and is to differentiate the blood relationship.Family namewas the symbol of the aristocrat and the title of the patriarchal clan system, at th
26、e middle of Xia Dynasty family namebecomes the collateral series of the surname ,express the exploits and status. At that time tribes big association, has become certain cliques, identified for the needs of interaction, while these small groups get a new residence, get the new sign that contact with
27、 the region - surname. We always think Chinese have the surname first,then the family name, in fact, surname and family name have been mixing in using, the relationship of surname and family name are changing. In the fable and the literature presents a hundred of family name, the earliest are the su
28、rnames of Pan Gu、Tian Huang、Di Huang、Ren Huang、Wu Long area, after that appeared the surnames of Ju Ling、Huang Shen、Gui Wei、Kong Song、Ci Min and so on, then the surname of Chen Fang、Shu Shang、Hun Dun、You Chao etc,there are 13 surnames, they mentioned era. In this time, the most important surnames ar
29、e You Chao and Sui Ren. The surname of You Chao teach people to build houses; The surname of Sui Ren invented the method that made fire by boring, taught the human the prepared food, and kept records by tying knots. Stepping into Fu Xi period, it appeared tribes and countries that are established by
30、 the people who has the same surname. In China the earliest surname generated at that time, Fengis the Chinese first surname,and the most important family nameis Zhong Huang, whose leader is Cang Jie, he created letters. After the surname of Nv Wa is the surname of Shen Nong,that is Yan Di,then the
31、surname of Jiang. Huang Dis surname is Gong Sun,the surname of Huang Dis tribe is You Xiong, Huang Di inherits position of Yan Di, has ruled China.Yan Di has 25 children,they have the surname 12. In fact these 12 surnames have the surname of You Xiong surname,other sons do not have the strength to e
32、stablish their race, so cannot have the surname. According to the research, after the Chinese most ancient surname basic stems from Yan and Huang two emperors. Yan and Huang two emperors are our Chinese national ancestors. The pre-Qin period, the female calls the surname, the man calls family name.
33、After Qin Shihuang unifies China, the surname then starts to combine into one, because the form gets down, the descendants may permanently use, be advantageous for the family which forms comes down in a continuous line,the blood relationship source and course clue then become clearer. Chinese people
34、 attach importance to the name,formed the namesake of custom, it has formed the innumerable different same surname crowd in the nation, so that the posterity discusses own family history, and is very easy to find the blood relationship according to the above.2.2.English speaking countries surnames.2
35、.2.1 The origins of English surnames English-speaking countries are basically the same surname system. English last name begins with the Anglo-Saxon nation primary, with the 18th-century colonization of the British Empire spread the prosperity around the world. Our ancestors until Norman conquest,st
36、ill only has personal name,but has not surname that represents religious . （Lewis Henry Morgan，2000）While Western cultures are very different, but the English origin of surnames share a lot in common. The name comes mainly from English-speaking countries the following aspects: Surname of occupationa
37、l name. In English with professional name as a surname similar to the situation with the Chinese, but the job is much broader, job-name name of the persons name much larger than the Chinese. For example, a common surname Smith is the English-speaking countries in a very common last name, because in
38、the early British society has a variety of artisans. Such as the goldsmith Goldsmith, coppersmith Coppersmith, Blacksmith Blacksmith and so on. There are other baker Baker, Barber Barber, fishermen, Fisher, tailor Tailor, Hunter Hunter, butcher Butcher, seamen Sailor, carpenter Carpenter are common
39、surnames. To place of residence topography, the last name. If, Field field, Hill Hill, Brook Creek, Lane Lane, Shore coast, Lake lake, Bush bush. With natural phenomena such as surname. For example, Snow Snow, rain Rain, Ray Thunder, frost Frost, Cloud Cloud, summer, Summer, Winter Winter, May May a
40、nd so on. No such name in Chinese. Animal name surname. There are also Chinese animal name surname, but because of aesthetic taste is different from the selected animals are also different. In contrast, English-speaking countries of animal names as the surname should be a lot more, but some do a lit
41、tle bit funny. （Stewart，1979）For example, a bird named Bird, a fish named Fish, a dog named Dog, has named Mas Horse, a name and address of sheep Lame, a bull named Bull, also named goose Goose, surname Nightingale of Nightingale, Surname lion Lion, the fox named Fox and so on. Is really varied, ful
42、l of wonders. To represent the persons appearance and body shape words as names. If, Longman said the tall, Small refers to the body slim, Bunch hump, Fatt Fat Man, Strong refers to able-bodied persons, Armstrong refers to arm strength and so on. No such name in Chinese. English-speaking countries,
43、especially the United States is a melting pot of the worlds largest nation, people requesting different values of novelty is very prominent, and everything to pursue unconventional, unique, and their names as well. For example, a name and address Apple Apple, Orange Orange, Rice Rice, wheat, Wheat,
44、Corn Corn fruits like food, there name bacon Bacon, Ham Ham, Cough Cough, poison Poison, the ashes of Ash, and is somewhat strange. Of course, we in the translation of English names are used when the transliteration approach, that is, read what the tone, what is the word translated. If, Mrs. Bird Mr
45、s. Bird, Miss Fish Feith Miss, Mr. Fox Mr. Fox, Mr. Strong Mr. Strong. 2.2.2 The development of English-speaking countries surnames. “The history of English family names is much shorter than the Chinese ones. It came about in the Middle Ages”.（李世荣，2002）They are in large number. Social cultural factors play an important role in the development of English family names. They reflect a complete picture of English feudal society. So they are the living fossils for study
