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1、Course:Writing Your BA Degree Paper Through Practical Translation Project Design Assignment:02 (Stages 7-10)Data Analysis, Results and Suggestions, Conclusion, Cover Page, Abstracts, The Table of Contents and Bibliography1. DIRECTIONS FOR LEARNERS1) Analyze the data in no less than 1,000 words by us
2、ing one or some of the methods recommended in Step 2 and Step 3 of Stage 7 in Writing Your BA Paper Through Practical Translation Project Design. The analysis should be based on the examples from the data, or no less than 3 samples from each category of the data.2) The heading for this section has b
3、een given. You may decide on your own subheadings if there are any.3) Insert your analysis of the data in paragraphs, tables, diagrams or listings in the space below.4. Data Analysis The purpose of this research is to explore the cultural features and several translation strategies of E-C idioms .Th
4、ose strategies such as literal translation, free translation, combination of free and literal translation as well as explanation and using ready Chinese idioms are widely used in the practice of idiom translation in accordance with two principles-foreignization and domestication. German philosopher
5、Schleiermacher argued that: “There are only two different methods of translation, either the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the reader towards him, named foreignization; or he leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author towards him, na
6、med domestication.”(Venuti, 2004:19-20). The proper using of translation strategies can create a special fantastic and delightful asmosphere in the target language. The following analysis will mainly focus on those strategies that are based on the implied cultural traits and fundamental features of
7、idioms. In order to make a good E-C idiom translation, two basic criteria should be fully aware of , that are faithfulness and fluency. Faithfulness refers to being faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meanings and views, but also to the original form and style. Fluency involv
8、es not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries (孙迎春，2001:300).4.1 The Analysis of Literal TranslationLiteral translation does not mean to translate word for word, but besides faithful to
9、the content and style of the original, and it also helpful to keep the local color of the original language in order to create the vivid images in terms of receptors. It is obvious that literal translation abide by the principle of foreignization. A scholar Gu argues that “three precondition must be
10、 met when we want to translate an idiom literally. First , it will not violate the grammatical or semantic rules of the receptor language. Second, it will be easily understood by the receptor. Third, it will not bring forth any false or unnecessary associations.” (Gu, 2002:165).In example 1 and 4 ,
11、“blood is thicker than water” and “sour grapes”, both of two idioms meet three preconditions which we mentioned above, and they are widely accepted by the Chinese readers. Even some chinese have forgotten its foreign origin, and regarded it as Chinese idiom. In these cases, we can employ literal tra
12、nslation , and translate it in Chinese “血浓于水” and “酸葡萄”.With regard to metaphorical idiom of source language, just as example 2 “bottleneck” and example 3 “sandwich man”, through using metaphor figure of speech, it vividly describe the situation and person. What translation strategy is more appropri
13、ate for translating idiom with metaphor? We can make a comparative study by employing literal and free translation . Obviously , literal translation “瓶颈” and “三明治式广告宣传员” are more concise and vivid than free translation “狭窄路段” or “阻碍的关键环节”and “身前身后挂在广告或标语牌的广告宣传员”. From the above analysis, we know tha
14、t metaphor seems to favor foreignization principle and literal translation strategy, as both the East and West can understand such kind of metaphor. Therefore, with the aim of retaining the original image and flavour, literal translation strategy is strongly recommended in such a case on the premise
15、 that it will not generate any false or unnecessary associations.Second, Concerning those idioms which contain the historical and geographical features as well as folk heritages and allusions specific only to the SL, for instance, in example 18 “Carry coals to Newcastle”,example 19 “Judas kiss” and
16、example 20 “the heel of Achilles”. For Chinese readers may lack the background knowledge of Newcastle. In this case a note should be provided explaining that Newcastle is famous for its coal mines in Britain. Thus through literal translation plus explanation strategy, Chinese readers can understand
17、that this idiom means do something unnecessary , bring or furnish something of which there is plenty, in Chinese “运煤到纽卡斯尔，多此一举”. To reserve the cultural-specific features of SL, and to provide readers with an exotic reading experience without reducing the readability of TL, literal translation with
18、a further explanation strategy can help the original cultural information get across to the TL reader. From the analysis, we can see that literal translation plus explanation is in the line with foreignization principle. Likewise, this strategy is also applied to example 19 and example 20. “The heel
19、 of Achilles” appertaining to allusions, which is related to the history story of Trojan War. Achilles was a hero in Greek mythology. His mother held the young Achilles by the heel and dipped him in the river Styx , everything the sacred waters touched became invulnerable, but the heel remained dry
20、and therefore unprotected. Because of this weakness, Priams son Paris (or Alexander), aided by Apollo, wounded Achilles in the heel with an arrow, eventually Achilles died of this wound in the Trojan War. So “The heel of Achilles” mean the one weakness, fault, flaw or vulnerable spot in ones otherwi
21、se strong character, in Chinese “阿基里斯的脚踵，指致命的弱点”. With the support of explanation, the implication of the story generally accepted by members of its culture, and eventually get across to the TL readers. Just as Lian Shuneng proposed : “what is unfamiliar at present may gradually become familiar as m
22、ore and more intercultural communications take place, or as people read more and more such translated expressions” (Lian, 2006:313).4.2 The Analysis of Liberal (Free) TranslationA renowned scholar Gu proposes that “When translating an idiom literally will leave the receptor at a loss and when no rea
23、dy idiom in the receptor language can be found, we have to translate the idiom non-literally and in dong so try our best to bring out its implied meaning.”(Gu, 2002:168). The characteristic of free translation is succinct and intelligible, but it might lose its original flavour and style. Free trans
24、lation is the strategy that lay emphasis on making the proper adjustment of metaphor or expression of English idiom in the precess of translation, and carrying out its cultural compensation so as to in accordance with Chinese idiomatic expressions. Obviously, free translation follows the principle o
25、f domestication. Due to the great differences between English and Chinese, free translation is widely used in the practical translation, especially to those idioms which have a strong national flavour, and its association of an image is lacking in the Chinese . From example 13 to 17 are perfect illu
26、strations , as in example14“She is a cat”, since image “cat ”does not have such derogative implications in China, natually, for Chinese readers, they will not be able to understand what a “catlike” woman means. Under this circumstance, we should adopt the free translation strategy, and make effort t
27、o work out its implied meaning, it means“a evil-minded woman” in Chinese “她是一个心地恶毒的女人”. From the above analysis, we can see that the TL reader response is a significant factor for the translator to consider in the selection of the methods. In example 15 “kick the bucket” is belong to slang language
28、and example 13 “A new broom sweeps clean” is a proverb. Towards Chinese readers, they might lack of the association of the images we mentioned above, therefore, they might feel confused if we employ literal translation in this case. We should explore its implied meanings and use free translation str
29、ategy, it means “die” and “a new official normally makes remarkable changes to his/ her predecessors way”, in Chinese “死，玩儿完”and “新官上任三把火”.In addition, “kick the bucket” is also the euphemism, it means the use of a mild or vague or periphrastic expression as a substitute for blunt precision or disag
30、reeable truth .4.3 The Analysis of Combination of free and literal translation Literal translation might reduce the readability of TL, meanwhile, it might arouse weariness in the process of reading and fail to transmiting SL culture in terms of Chinese readers, while free translation usually lose it
31、s original flavour and style. In order to overcome the difficulties we discussed above, we should adopt a more flexible strategy depends heavily on the context-combination of free and literal translation. A renowned scholar Chen brings forward his ideas on translating English idioms. He argues that
32、with the view of expressing the original meanings more accurately , the combination of free and literal translation strategy should be employed (Chen,1998:260;Translated by the author). Example 26 “make hay while the sun shines” is a proverb, and related to the agriculture. When farmers gather the l
33、ong grass growth of summer to dry it to produce hay as winter feed for animals, the best time to cut and dry the hay is during sunny days. The implied meaning of this idiom is that take an opportunity to do something when the time and conditions are near perfect or available. When we translate it li
34、terally, although it is not only faithful to the content, but also preserve the original proverbial flavour, but it will make Chinese readers feel at loss, and unable to understand its correct implication. On this condition, another strategy free translation should also be employed. The combination
35、of free and literal translation make the readability of TL improved, and also maintain its proverbial style. In Chinese, “趁着晴天晒干草, 莫失良机”. This strategy is also applied to example 25 and 27. From the above analysis, we can see that by means of making foreinization and domestication in a combined mann
36、er, it not only provide the readers with a exotic reading experience, but also help them to understand the exact meaning which is hidden in idioms.4.4 The Analysis of Using Ready Chinese Idioms Both English and Chinese have a great variety of idoms, and some of them can be so parallel sometimes. In
37、such cases, using ready Chinese idioms strategy which follows domestication in the receptor language will save us a lot of trouble . Just as German philosopher Schleiermacher proposed that the translator left the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moved the author towards him (Venuti, 2004:19
38、-20). In the following , we will explore this strategy in details.When an English idiom and a Chinese idiom match in both form and content, in the meanwhile, they share not only more or less the same meaning, but also similar rhetorical flavour, using ready Chinese idiom strategy should be employed
39、under such circumstance. In example 5 “Man proposes,God disposes” and example 6“Constant dripping wears away a stone”, we can guess its meanings, and relate it to Chinese idiom “谋事在人，成事在天” and “滴水穿石” without difficulty. Sometimes, Englsih and Chinese idioms both using metaphor figure of speech , alt
40、hough the images of metaphor are different, but its implications are the same, the strategy of using Chinese ready idioms can also be employed. For instance, in example 7 “a flash in the pan” , the implied meaning is that a sudden success that ends quickly and is unlikely to happen again. So the Chi
41、nses idiom “昙花一现” is a rather accurate equivalent to it. Even though they use different image in metaphor, but their implied meaning is exactly alike. This strategy is also the same with example 21, “As wise as an owl”. Just as a distinguished scholar Gu proposes that certain animals are often assoc
42、iated with certain qualities in English and Chinese culture. Some animals have similar associations in both cultures, take deer as a example , are regarded as meek and gentle; while some other animals have rather different association such as dogs and owls , etc, in the eyes of westerners, are seen
43、rather differently from the way they appear to Chinese(Gu, 2000:293, Translated by the author). “As wise as an owl ” is colloquialism which indicates that English-speaking people associate wisdom with this bird. In Greek mythology the owl is linked with Athena, the Goddess of Wisdom. Athens is named
44、 from the Goddess Athena and its emblemis the owl. Therefore, the owl was viewed as solemn and wise from then on. Among many Chinese, however, there is a superstitious belief that this bird is a sign of bad luck. If people use an animal image to describe cleverness, they often say he/she is “猴子般精灵”.
45、 Consequently, when a cultural image in the SL is alien to the TL reader, the translator should seek for a TL expression to replace its SL counterpart . The former needs to be an equivalent of the latter in the semantic meaning , although the image it carries may be totally different from that of th
46、e original. With regard to those English and Chinese idioms, their meanings is literal rather than through using metaphor to express its implication. Generally speaking, it is quite a easy task to translate such kinds of idioms, we can using ready Chinese idiom hardily in this case on the premise th
47、at there are no other problems concerning national or local flavour brought about. Just as example 10 “at ones wits end”, we can figure out its meaning without striking a blowing, it means perplexed, unable to think what to do as you have tried everything possible to solve a problem. The equivalent
48、in Chinese is “志穷才尽，束手无策”. In addition, this idiom pertains to phrasal verbs and origins from the Bible, Psalms 107:27 .Concerning those English idioms which using metaphor figure of speech, its metaphor is more simple and plain and not related to the distinctive ethnic characteristics, even though
49、the Chinese equivalent without employ metaphor, for the purpose of a idiomatic expression in the target language, the strategy of using Chinese ready idioms can also be applied depends on the context. Example11 “Birds of a feather flock together” is a good illustration. Through using image “a feather of birds” to describe those people of the same interests, particularly of the same kinds of characters, tend to associate closely. In accordance with the context , we could translate in Chinese “
