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1、I want you to, for a moment, think about playing a game of Monopoly, except in this game, that combination of skill, talent and luck that help earn you success in games, as in life,has been rendered irrelevant, because this games been rigged, and youve got the upper hand. Youve got more money, more
2、opportunities to move around the board, and more access to resources. And as you think about that experience, I want you to ask yourself,how might that experience of being a privileged player in a rigged game change the way that you think about yourself and regard that other player?So we ran a study
3、 on the U.C. Berkeley campus to look at exactly that question. We brought in more than 100 pairs of strangers into the lab, and with the flip of a coin randomly assigned one of the two to be a rich player in a rigged game. They got two times as much money. When they passed Go, they collected twice t
4、he salary, and they got to roll both dice instead of one, so they got to move around the board a lot more. (Laughter) And over the course of 15 minutes, we watched through hidden cameras what happened. And what I want to do today, for the first time, is show you a little bit of what we saw. Youre go
5、ing to have to pardon the sound quality, in some cases, because again, these were hidden cameras. So weve provided subtitles. Rich Player: How many 500s did you have? Poor Player: Just one.Rich Player: Are you serious. Poor Player: Yeah.Rich Player: I have three. (Laughs) I dont know why they gave m
6、e so much.Paul Piff: Okay, so it was quickly apparent to players that something was up. One person clearly has a lot more money than the other person, and yet, as the game unfolded, we saw very notable differences and dramatic differences begin to emerge between the two players.The rich player start
7、ed to move around the board louder, literally smacking the board with their piece as he went around. We were more likely to see signs of dominance and nonverbal signs, displays of power and celebration among the rich players.We had a bowl of pretzels positioned off to the side. Its on the bottom rig
8、ht corner there.That allowed us to watch participants consummatory behavior. So were just tracking how many pretzels participants eat.Rich Player: Are those pretzels a trick?Poor Player: I dont know.PP: Okay, so no surprises, people are onto us. They wonder what that bowl of pretzels is doing there
9、in the first place. One even asks, like you just saw, is that bowl of pretzels there as a trick? And yet, despite that, the power of the situation seems to inevitably dominate,and those rich players start to eat more pretzels.Rich Player: I love pretzels.(Laughter)PP: And as the game went on, one of
10、 the really interesting and dramatic patterns that we observed begin to emerge was that the rich players actually started to become ruder toward the other person, less and less sensitive to the plight of those poor, poor players, and more and more demonstrative of their material success, more likely
11、 to showcase how well theyre doing. Rich Player: I have money for everything. Poor Player: How much is that? Rich Player: You owe me 24 dollars. Youre going to lose all your money soon. Ill buy it. I have so much money. I have so much money, it takes me forever. Rich Player 2: Im going to buy out th
12、is whole board. Rich Player 3: Youre going to run out of money soon. Im pretty much untouchable at this point.PP: Okay, and heres what I think was really, really interesting, is that at the end of the 15 minutes, we asked the players to talk about their experience during the game. And when the rich
13、players talked about why they had inevitably won in this rigged game of Monopoly -(Laughter) they talked about what theyd done to buy those different properties and earn their success in the game, and they became far less attuned to all those different features of the situation, including that flip
14、of a coin that had randomly gotten them into that privileged position in the first place. And thats a really, really incredible insight into how the mind makes sense of advantage.Now this game of Monopoly can be used as a metaphor for understanding society and its hierarchical structure, wherein som
15、e people have a lot of wealth and a lot of status, and a lot of people dont. They have a lot less wealth and a lot less status and a lot less access to valued resources. And what my colleagues and I for the last seven years have been doing is studying the effects of these kinds of hierarchies. What
16、weve been finding across dozens of studies and thousands of participants across this country is that as a persons levels of wealth increase, their feelings of compassion and empathy go down, and their feelings of entitlement, of deservingness, and their ideology of self-interest increases. In survey
17、s, we found that its actually wealthier individuals who are more likely to moralize greed being good, and that the pursuit of self-interest is favorable and moral. Now what I want to do today is talk about some of the implications of this ideology self-interest, talk about why we should care about t
18、hose implications, and end with what might be done.Some of the first studies that we ran in this area looked at helping behavior, something social psychologists call pro-social behavior. And we were really interested in whos more likely to offer help to another person, someone whos rich or someone w
19、hos poor. In one of the studies, we bring in rich and poor members of the community into the lab and give each of them the equivalent of 10 dollars. We told the participants that they could keep these 10 dollars for themselves, or they could share a portion of it, if they wanted to, with a strangerw
20、ho is totally anonymous. Theyll never meet that stranger and the stranger will never meet them. And we just monitor how much people give. Individuals who made 25,000 sometimesunder 15,000 dollars a year, gave 44 percent more of their money to the stranger than did individuals making 150,000 or 200,0
21、00 dollars a year.Weve had people play games to see whos more or less likely to cheat to increase their chances of winning a prize. In one of the games, we actually rigged a computer so that die rolls over a certain score were impossible. You couldnt get above 12 in this game, and yet, the richer yo
22、u were, the more likely you were to cheat in this game to earn credits toward a $50 cash prize, sometimes by three to four times as much.We ran another study where we looked at whether people would be inclined to take candyfrom a jar of candy that we explicitly identified as being reserved for child
23、ren - (Laughter) participating - Im not kidding. I know it sounds like Im making a joke. We explicitly told participants this jar of candys for children participating in a developmental lab nearby.Theyre in studies. This is for them. And we just monitored how much candy participants took. Participan
24、ts who felt rich took two times as much candy as participants who felt poor.Weve even studied cars, not just any cars, but whether drivers of different kinds of cars are more or less inclined to break the law. In one of these studies, we looked at whether drivers would stop for a pedestrian that we
25、had posed waiting to cross at a crosswalk. Now in California, as you all know, because Im sure we all do this, its the law to stop for a pedestrian whos waiting to cross. So heres an example of how we did it. Thats our confederate off to the left posing as a pedestrian. He approaches as the red truc
26、k successfully stops. In typical California fashion, its overtaken by the bus who almost runs our pedestrian over. (Laughter) Now heres an example of a more expensive car, a Prius, driving through, and a BMW doing the same. So we did this for hundreds of vehicles on several days, just tracking who s
27、tops and who doesnt. What we found was that as the expensiveness of a car increased, the drivers tendencies to break the law increased as well. None of the cars, none of the cars in our least expensive car category broke the law.Close to 50 percent of the cars in our most expensive vehicle category
28、broke the law. Weve run other studies finding that wealthier individuals are more likely to lie in negotiations, to endorse unethical behavior at work like stealing cash from the cash register, taking bribes, lying to customers.Now I dont mean to suggest that its only wealthy people who show these p
29、atterns of behavior. Not at all. In fact, I think that we all, in our day-to-day, minute-by-minute lives,struggle with these competing motivations of when, or if, to put our own interests above the interests of other people. And thats understandable because the American dream is an ideain which we a
30、ll have an equal opportunity to succeed and prosper, as long as we apply ourselves and work hard, and a piece of that means that sometimes, you need to put your own interests above the interests and well-being of other people around you. But what were finding is that, the wealthier you are, the more
31、 likely you are to pursue a vision of personal success, of achievement and accomplishment, to the detriment of others around you. Here Ive plotted for you the mean household income received by each fifth and top five percent of the population over the last 20 years. In 1993, the differences between
32、the different quintiles of the population, in terms of income, are fairly egregious. Its not difficult to discern that there are differences. But over the last 20 years, that significant difference has become a grand canyon of sorts between those at the top and everyone else. In fact, the top 20 per
33、cent of our population own close to 90 percent of the total wealth in this country. Were at unprecedented levels of economic inequality. What that means is that wealth is not only becoming increasingly concentrated in the hands of a select group of individuals, but the American dream is becoming inc
34、reasingly unattainable for an increasing majority of us. And if its the case, as weve been finding, that the wealthier you are, the more entitled you feel to that wealth, and the more likely you are to prioritize your own interests above the interests of other people, and be willing to do things to
35、serve that self-interest, well then theres no reason to think that those patterns will change. In fact, theres every reason to think that theyll only get worse, and thats what it would look like if things just stayed the same, at the same linear rate, over the next 20 years.Now, inequality, economic
36、 inequality, is something we should all be concerned about, and not just because of those at the bottom of the social hierarchy, but because individuals and groups with lots of economic inequality do worse, not just the people at the bottom, everyone. Theres a lot of really compelling research comin
37、g out from top labs all over the world showcasing the range of things that are undermined as economic inequality gets worse. Social mobility, things we really care about, physical health, social trust, all go down as inequality goes up. Similarly, negative things in social collectives and societies,
38、 things like obesity, and violence, imprisonment, and punishment, are exacerbated as economic inequality increases. Again, these are outcomes not just experienced by a few, but that resound across all strata of society. Even people at the top experience these outcomes.So what do we do? This cascade
39、of self-perpetuating, pernicious, negative effects could seem like something thats spun out of control, and theres nothing we can do about it,certainly nothing we as individuals could do. But in fact, weve been finding in our own laboratory research that small psychological interventions, small chan
40、ges to peoples values, small nudges in certain directions, can restore levels of egalitarianism and empathy.For instance, reminding people of the benefits of cooperation, or the advantages of community, cause wealthier individuals to be just as egalitarian as poor people. In one study, we had people
41、 watch a brief video, just 46 seconds long, about childhood poverty that served as a reminder of the needs of others in the world around them, and after watching that, we looked at how willing people were to offer up their own time to a stranger presented to them in the lab who was in distress. Afte
42、r watching this video, an hour later, rich people became just as generous of their own time to help out this other person, a stranger, as someone whos poor, suggesting that these differences are not innate or categorical, but are so malleable to slight changes in peoples values, and little nudges of
43、 compassion and bumps of empathy.And beyond the walls of our lab, were even beginning to see signs of change in society. Bill Gates, one of our nations wealthiest individuals, in his Harvard commencement speech,talked about the problem facing society of inequality as being the most daunting challeng
44、e,and talked about what must be done to combat it, saying, Humanitys greatest advancesare not in its discoveries, but in how those discoveries are applied to reduce inequity. And theres the Giving Pledge, in which more than 100 of our nations wealthiest individuals are pledging half of their fortune
45、s to charity. And theres the emergence of dozens of grassroots movements, like We are the One Percent, the Resource Generation, or Wealth for Common Good, in which the most privileged members of the population, members of the one percent and elsewhere, people who are wealthy, are using their own eco
46、nomic resources, adults and youth alike, thats whats most striking to me, leveraging their own privilege, their own economic resources, to combat inequality by advocating for social policies, changes in social values, and changes in peoples behavior, that work against their own economic interests but that may ultimately restore the American dream.Thank you.(Applause)
