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1、 World Heritage manuals Managing Tourism at World Heritage Sites: a Practical Manual for World Heritage Site Managers By Arthur Pedersen Managing Tourism at World Heritage Sites: a Practical Manual for World Heritage Site Managers By Arthur Pedersen Disclaimer The author is responsible for the choic
2、e and presentation of the facts contained in this publication and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. The designation employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any
3、 opinion whatsover on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Published in 2002 by UNESCO World Heritage Centre 7, place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07 SP (France) Tel : (
4、33) 01 45 68 18 76 Fax : (33) 01 45 68 55 70 E-mail : wh-infounesco.org http:/whc.unesco.org Foreword It is an inevitable destiny: the very reasons why a property is chosen for inscription on the World Heritage List are also the reasons why millions of tourists flock to those sites year after year.
5、In fact, the belief that World Heritage sites belong to everyone and should be preserved for future generations is the very principle on which the World Heritage Convention is based. So how do we merge our convictions with our concerns over the impact of tourism on World Heritage sites? The answer i
6、s through sustainable tourism. Directing governments, site managers and visitors towards sustainable tourism practices is the only way to ensure the safekeeping of our worlds natural and cultural heritage. In 2002, the international communitys virtually “undivided attention” was focused on tourism a
7、nd its impact on our cultural and natural heritage. It started with the United Nations declaration of 2002 as the “Year for Cultural Heritage”. Then in May, Qubec City hosted the first ever World Ecotourism Summit, whose Declaration on the development of Ecotourism in the context of sustainable deve
8、lopment was later delivered at the Johannesburg World Summit. In November, “heritage, tourism and development” is one of the focuses of the International Congress in Venice on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the World Heritage Convention. Through the publication of this manual, we aim to har
9、ness this momentum by putting all of the ideas, theories and plans for sustainable tourism into action. By learning to “tread lightly” on the earth, not only are we ensuring the future of World Heritage sites but also the future of tourism. Its a win-win situation for everyone involved: the site is
10、better protected and maintained, the tourist experiences a more pleasant visit, and the local economy is boosted as a result. Tourism is an important management issue at both natural and cultural World Heritage sites. It is an industry with well-known costs but also with the potential for aiding pro
11、tection efforts. We recognize this potential and are convinced that by engaging, and by taking appropriate actions at the different levels of the sustainable tourism process, tourism can be managed to generate net site benefits. This manual outlines a process to guide site managers toward this end.
12、The first in a series of “how to” World Heritage manuals, it is dedicated to the men and women who give their heart and soul everyday to protecting our worlds priceless treasures. Finally, I thank TEMA and UNEP for supporting the Centres initiative to elaborate a user-friendly Manual for World Herit
13、age Site Managers. Francesco Bandarin Director, UNESCO, World Heritage Centre Paris, France Foreword I am proud to present this manual, another valuable contribution to the International Year of Ecotourism in 2002. Tourism is one of the worlds largest industries, with almost 700 million internationa
14、l tourists in 2002, and can become an essential tool in the challenge to overcome biodiversity losses and eradicate poverty, particularly in sensitive ecosystems and protected areas. The basic fact is that a healthy social and natural environment is the first and most important asset for this global
15、 industry. It makes business sense for tourism stakeholders to be natural allies of sustainability. Protected areas, particularly World Heritage sites, are some of tourisms main attractions, and are subject to growing visitation. World Heritage sites are outstanding cultural and natural landscapes c
16、overing all kinds of ecosystems, which are carefully selected through a process resulting from a 1972 multilateral agreement involving 175 countries. Maintaining such sites requires adequate practices to guarantee environmentally sound management of the park and at the same time to ensure that local
17、 communities benefit from the parks existence. The potential economic benefits that tourism can bring do not materialize without careful planning. Indeed, uncontrolled tourism development can have major negative impacts on these jewels of humanitys heritage. World Heritage site managers are often in
18、adequately prepared to deal with the challenges of visitation and to negotiate with the complex tourism industry. Their background most often lies in forestry, public environmental management and biological sciences. Thus, concepts such as business management, marketing, and entrepreneurial risk man
19、agement are still relatively new to many site managers. A practical, case-specific approach is used in the manual to explain these and other subjects, so that park managers can design and develop visitation according to the needs and limits of a sites master plans. In 2002, UNEP, IUCN and the World
20、Tourism Organization published a book entitled “Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas” written by Dr. Paul Eagles of the World Commission on Protected Areas, with the contribution of many other international experts. This book aims at building a better understanding of issues related to tourism in
21、protected areas and providing guidelines on how to address them. The present manual effectively complements the previous publication: it addresses the specific needs of World Heritage site managers and guides them through the visitor planning and management process. It is one more milestone in UNEPs
22、 long collaboration with UNESCO on improving benefits to protected areas through sustainable tourism. I am sure it will result in increased cooperation and partnerships among World Heritage site managers, the tourism industry, local communities, governments and travelers. Jacqueline Aloisi de Larder
23、el Assistant Executive Director Director, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, United Nations Environment Programme Preface It can be easy with all the other tourism manuals around to ask why write another. This of course is a legitimate question that should be addressed by the author. Th
24、e answer is quite simple: this manual comes out of a desire to see just what is being done in the field, trying to make sense of it all, comparing it to my own experience, and putting what I learned in a style of language hopefully everyone can understand. Having worked in visitor management and pla
25、nning for many years, I wanted to know what we have discovered in using tourism as a tool to benefit conservation. In fact this manual is just the start of a projected series of manuals for World Heritage site managers on tourism issues. Why the focus on World Heritage sites? Perhaps this is best ex
26、plained by a question from the Chief of the Natural Heritage Section of the World Heritage Centre, Natarajan Ishwaran, who once asked,“ If we cant save World Heritage sites, what can we save?” I have taken this to heart. As I continue to work with World Heritage sites I have come to realize the impo
27、rtant role of the World Heritage Convention. What this manual does, and why it may be different than others, is that it synthesizes the logical and holistic process of tourism and visitor management reflected in management literature. It has been my experience that if one understands the process of
28、a subject and has a global vision of how things fit together, it is much easier to wade through the array of technical details that compose most modern fields. Without this knowledge, those who arent specialists can get lost in the complexity. Successful, sustainable tourism calls for a process of c
29、lose engagement. It involves having clear ideas on goals and objectives, knowing where you want to go, setting these goals and objectives within the constraints of legal and social rules and then negotiating with relevant interest groups to try to incorporate their needs into the mix. It also means
30、continually monitoring to see if these elusive targets are being reached and, if they are not, deciding what actions to take to get the programme back on track. This whole process is simple in theory but difficult to implement and sustain in practice. Someone once said to me that, “Ideas should feel
31、 like affinities and not impositions”, and I have tried, with the help of my fine editor Gina Dogget to gear the text to this end. Arthur Pedersen Table of Contents Page 11 Introduction Page 13 The World Heritage Convention Page 21 The Tourism Industry: Implications for Managers Page 29 Tourism Impa
32、cts and Problems Involving Stakeholders: The Benefits and Challenges of Public Participation Page 37 Page 45 Setting Policy Goals and Management Objectives Page 55 Carrying Capacity and Related Planning Issues Strategies and Solutions to Tourism Management Problems Page 63 Page 77 Promoting a Site A
33、ppendix 1: Tourist Surveys: Techniques and Samples Page 87 Appendix 2: International Cultural Tourism Charter Page 93 Appendix 3: Guidebook, Magazine and Newspaper Publishers Page 97 Acknowlegements Page 103 Introduction Tourism is one of the worlds largest industries. The World Travel and Tourism C
34、ouncil (WTTC) estimates that tourism generates some 12% of the world total GNP. With studies predicting continued growth, tourism is an increasingly important factor in the planning and management at UNESCO World Heritage sites. While no formal data have been collected, a sites inscription on the Wo
35、rld Heritage List often coincides with a boost in visitation rates. Even at current rates, tourism is an important issue at World Heritage sites. A 1993 UNESCO-United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) study showed that most managers of natural sites regard it as a key issue. Interviews and surv
36、eys carried out by the World Heritage Centre at cultural sites have revealed similar concerns. Tourism offers well-known advantages. Visitor fees, concessions and donations provide funds for restoration and protection efforts. Visitors may be recruited as friends of a site and can help generate inte
37、rnational support. Tour operators and hotel chains can play a role in the management of a site by making financial contributions, aiding monitoring efforts, or instructing their clients in responsible tourism. Tourism can also promote cultural values by supporting local handicrafts or by offering al
38、ternative economic activities. On the downside, tourism spawns well-known problems. Managing rapid tourism growth is a time-consuming process demanding clear policies, ongoing dialogue with stakeholders, and constant monitoring. Tourism activities require environmental impact assessments (EIAs) and
39、procedures for minimising impacts. At sites with limited budgets and staff, growing tourism can stretch scarce resources and take managers away from protection efforts. While tourism can contribute to protection and restoration efforts, the right balance between economic gain and undesirable impacts
40、 can be elusive. Managers know that a tourist attraction must be periodically renewed to remain competitive. In the case of World Heritage sites, they are also aware that they are under an international obligation to maintain or restore the sites original values. This responsibility poses difficult
41、questions regarding the degree of change that should be permitted to accommodate tourism growth. Another problem is ensuring that a portion of tourism revenue remains in the community as a means of fostering local protection, conservation and restoration efforts. To meet these and other challenges,
42、managers have requested training and information on World Heritage as well as concrete examples of procedures for addressing tourism planning issues. The World Heritage Centre has responded by increasing its support for training in tourism management skills, including the publication of this manual.
43、 The manual addresses the needs identified by site managers and training centres. It provides a set of management methodologies and practices intended to help managers to solve tourism problems. It also establishes a common terminology with the aim of facilitating communication and information excha
44、nge among managers. Subjects include UNESCO, the World Heritage Convention and the World Heritage Centre, the tourism industry, working with the public, carrying capacity issues, tourism impacts, visitor management strategies, and interpretation and promotion; several of these subjects are illustrat
45、ed by short case studies. The manual also offers a set of tools applicable to designing surveys, monitoring policy and management implementation, promoting sites and communicating with stakeholders. Managers can select the procedures that are appropriate for different sites, and adapt them according
46、ly. Readers will note that the manual addresses tourism at both cultural and natural sites. While visitor management poses different issues depending on whether a site is cultural or natural, the two types of sites have many concerns in common, including setting goals and objectives, working with st
47、akeholders, dealing with issues of carrying capacity, and interpretation and promotional activities. Moreover, many World Heritage sites, though listed as either natural or cultural, protect both types of resources. Experience has shown that visitor management is a balancing act requiring the establ
48、ishment of a tourism policy based on conservation and preservation goals that will be supported by all stakeholders, while respecting legal mandates, encouraging ongoing debate and monitoring tourism activities. This manual attempts to bring these many factors together, to provide managers with a pr
49、actical framework on which to base their efforts. The World Heritage Convention Galpagos Islands, Equador UNESCO/WHC An understanding of the responsibilities assumed under the World Heritage Convention is essential to policy setting and decision making. The Operational Guidelines accompanying the Convention have a large bearing on tourism management, providi
