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1、论傲慢与偏见中的英国贵族On British Aristocrats in Pride and PrejudiceAcknowledgementsI owe profound debt of gratitude to many people who have greatly contributed to the development of this thesis in their special ways during the year that it has been in preparation.First of all, my heartfelt thanks and apprecia
2、tion go to my supervisor, for her patient tutorship, in-depth comment and invaluable advice in preparing my manuscript through the beginning to the end. It has been a great privilege and joy to study under her guidance and encouragement. Without her expert comments, suggestions and modifications, my
3、 thesis would not have emerged in its present form.Meanwhile, special thanks also go to all the teachers who have given me advices. I would like to express my gratitude for their enlightening instruction and warm-hearted assistance.At last, my thanks go to my beloved family for their loving consider
4、ations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.内 容 摘 要本文通过对傲慢与偏见中对中产阶级乡村生活和不同任务婚姻观、价值观的描
5、写，再结合当时英国社会的政治文化背景进行分析，从而了解贵族阶层的生活方式，价值观念和发展趋势。本文阐述了贵族体制在历史发展的长河中逐渐走向衰落。人们关注的不再只是贵族的名号和经济地位，而是超越了保守的世俗观念，开始重视开放型、自主型的理念。关键词：英国贵族；价值观念；婚姻观AbstractBy describing the rural life of middle class, different attitudes towards marriage and values in Pride and Prejudice, the author of this thesis analyzes th
6、e political and cultural background of Britain of that time, so the lifestyle, values and trend of aristocracy could be understood. The author uses the illustration method, and reveals that the aristocratic system declines gradually in history. What people care are not the aristocratic titles and ec
7、onomic status, but the open and self-reliant notion, which surpass the conservation.Key words: British aristocracy; Values; Attitudes towards marriageContentsCoveriAcknowledgementsiiAbstract in ChineseiiiAbstract in EnglishivTable Of ContentsvIntroduction1Chapter One: British Aristocracy in the Hist
8、ory21.1 The Development of British Aristocracy21.2 The Attribute of the British Aristocratic Class4Chapter Two: Jane Austens Creative Background62.1 Jane Austens Growth and Living Environment62.2 The Main Plot of Pride and Prejudice 6Chapter Three: British Aristocrats in Pride and Prejudice103.1 The
9、 Condition of British Aristocratic in the 19th Century103.2 A Description of the Traditional British Society in Pride and Prejudice10Chapter Four: A View of Aristocracy Evolution in Pride and Prejudice12Chapter Five: Conclusion15Bibliography16 IntroductionPride and Prejudice is a well-known novel in
10、 the contemporary society. It reflected the situation during the end of 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century. This article shows historical course of the British aristocracy in up-and-down development. According to the life style, pursuit and values of the aristocracy. All the above can
11、 describe different reflection of the British aristocracy at that time and the opposite influencing between the society and the aristocracy. The mean of the British aristocracy studying which clued their life style and notion is to choose better thing to use in our life and recognize the worse thing
12、 to avoid copying. For the reason, literature provides a very powerful medium for reflecting and discovering truths of life. By describing the rural life of middle class, different attitudes towards marriage and values in Pride and Prejudice, the author analyzes the political and cultural background
13、 of Britain of that time, so the lifestyle, values and trend of aristocracy could be understood. The author of this thesis uses the illustration method, and reveals that the aristocratic system declines gradually in history. What people care are not the aristocratic titles and economic status, but t
14、he open and self-reliant notion, which surpass the conservation.Chapter One British Aristocracy in the History1.1The Development of British AristocracyThe British aristocracy is a system of ancient political heritage, its origin can be traced back to the Anglo - Saxon times of 1000 years ago in west
15、ern societies. History of Anglo - Saxon began in the 5th century. The Western Roman Empire collapsed under the conquerors invading, and the western world lost in the dark and bloody age, which was full of wars, lasted 500 years. Three Teutonic tribes from the northwest of the European continent had
16、crossed the English Channel and landed on the land of England by the middle of 5th century. They who led by their military leader went on, inserted into hinterland, killed, pillaged and conquered the natives, then established dozens of small countries. From that on, the wars among the countries did
17、not stop. Before invaders came, these tribes were in the end of primitive society where the tribal leaders were elected by the assembly. Because of their prominent position, they could own the republic property by their power and privilege. As the privilege they had, the fair relations between the c
18、lans were destroyed gradually. Social structure, which was based on the relation of consanguinity, started to be disintegrated. The leaders of the tribes turned to the military aristocracy. With the collapse of democracy in the end of primitive society, the emergence of king and fledgling nation pro
19、duced the earliest formation of a military aristocracy. New privileged class emerged. Military aristocracy is the earliest form of the British aristocracy Because of the differences in regions, the amount of property, status and the titles, they were divided into different classes. At the first time
20、, the aristocratic clans, who had political privileges, they usually accessed to the courts, helped the King govern the country, gathered the units for the king before the war broke, made plans in any sides for the king and led the armies to fight in the battlefields. The above seems obvious: they w
21、ere military aristocracies who were similar to royalists for the king. After that they were called “thegn”, which means “serve the others” and their status were decided by the object they served. At that time, many “Carved Fall” (free farmers) were turned into a loss of liberty “Neverland” (serfs),
22、who were not allowed to left the lands freely, must serve the secular aristocracy or church and carry other feudal obligations(阎照详，2000：11-12：). The donation that the royal gave to the church could trace back to the period that the Christian just came into the UK. The king, who considered himself as
23、 descendant of the God, would rather to give the estates to the monasteries and the churches for the blessing of God and religious supports. With the secular aristocracy occurring, the lands, which were occupied by the churches and the monasteries, were quite considerable. That results in the format
24、ion of church aristocracy who complete with the secular elite in national economy and political life. The above had shown out, the military and church aristocracy becoming lord and the broad masses of peasants becoming serfs of British feudal aristocracy marks the initial formation of the system, an
25、d the feudal mode of production and class relations are the basic conditions for the development of the AngloSaxon England nobility. From the mid-fifth century to the beginning of “Norman Conquest”, the Normandy had a better feudal system. Duke William the top lord divided all land into 1200 chevali
26、er Fief to the chevalier at all levels. The Normandy formed a rather typical chevalier aristocratic group. They got lands from the feudal lords and the needed to give their service. At the same time, they gave the lands, which they had to their servants by the same way and the servants must give ser
27、vice loyally. In this way, the feudal Normandy established a social hierarchy structure just like the pyramid and formed an army, which were equipped with good equipments, had a stable number, obey the Duke. There, the court was the center for governing the country, no nobility were allowed to build
28、 the castles or privates defense. The viscounts around the Duke might safeguard the benefits of Duke and carried out the decision of Duke. Norman Conquest is the event in British history, which had obviously carried significant impact on the processed of British history, which had changed structure
29、and organizational forms of the British aristocracy, and which had given profound influence to the future generations. The intruders in order to expanded the results in battle after winning the war in Hastings and went to insert into inland of England for killing the rest ones, which made London sur
30、render without war. Williams supporters Supported him to be the kings. William crowned himself in Westminster at Christmas in 1066 , then he was called “William”and also was called “the conqueror William” at the same time in the British history. “Then Anglo - Norman Kingdom appeared. At that time, t
31、he British aristocracy and chroniclers had ever considered “William”as tyrannical one who grab the throne. In fact, the monarchy is formation at least in three ways in medieval Britain” (阎照祥，2000:33-34): The first, the right to inherit the throne transmission depends on virtue-recognized origin, whi
32、ch the king ascended the throne occupied a considerable proportion. Knut ascended the throne in 1016 just depended on the second manner through which he got the crown of England. The third, during the Anglo - Saxon times, this is a small country which received most of the kings throne by the militar
33、y conquests and blood of wars. “Norman Conquest” was a typical example. 1.2The Attribute of the British Aristocratic ClassFrom the appearance of feudal aristocracy to now, the British aristocracy includes two categories as below: Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal. The system for religion management
34、 set a rough structure for the coming more than 1000 years, which were divided by the parishes of England, and formed the classes system of Lords Spiritual, archbishops, bishops, archimandrites and the aristocracy of middle and low classes. According to the rank, there are two categories except king
35、s and several officers in royal in general aristocracy, they are as below （欧志雄，舒小昀 2003 ：10） : At first, rank the peerage that had five classes, that is duck, marques, earl, recount and baron. Secondly, rank the gentry who obeyed baron and knight even knight and gentle men. Besides the numbers of ti
36、mes of the change for the class attributes of Lords Temporal were unique in the world. “From the invading of Anglo Saxon to the 20th, the British Lords Temporal had made up of 5 parts as following: the military aristocracy of original tribes, the aristocracy of the capitalist, industry and business
37、aristocracy in the capitalist and the Party aristocracy which was at the core of middle class. The appearance of the Party aristocracy showed that the fundamental change in the system of aristocracy and House of Lords” (阎照祥，2000:91).The British aristocracy had a strong sense of social responsibility
38、, who exemplified in both the aristocracys fight against the foreign enemies and the fight against the feudal royal power. “The aristocracy would involve in and take the effect of leading. British aristocrats had the characters of advocating, courageous, fair, rational and self-made” (高红艳，戴卫平 2007:1
39、80-181). Each of the British aristocratic class absorbed the social elite continuously by various channels and the person who made individual efforts might be a nobility or a higher level of the social stratus, which stimulated persons spirit for going forward and spirit for self-motivated. Each of
40、class in the society kept up with the aristocracy after the culture of spirit for going forward and spirit for self-motivated, which had been considered as primary culture. There is an example here, the British capitalist class who was regarded as the middle class in the period of industrial revolut
41、ion tried their best to imitate the life style of the aristocracy. “They would rather give up their important status in economic field and become a gentleman who is completely indifferent to society” (吴新颖，龙献忠 2004:16-18).Chapter Two Jane Austens Creative Background2.1 Jane Austens Growth and Living
42、EnvironmentJane Austen (17751817) was a female novelist, who was born in Steventon of Hampshire of England, had eight brothers and sisters in all. Her father, who was a well-learned priest, had been rector in there over 40 years. Her mother was born in a richer family and had been educated. Austen h
43、ad never studied in normal college, but her family that had excellent surroundings for studying, made her study by herself and trained her to be interest in writing. Her natural gift of language expression was shown when she was 14 years old . She had published six long piece of fiction as below: Se
44、nse and Sensibility was published in 1811, which was the first novel she had published. After that, Pride and Prejudice was published in 1813, Mansfield Park was published in 1814 and Emma was published in 1815. Northanger Abbey and Persuasion was published in 1818, both of them were published after
45、 two years of her death and were marked the true name of the author .“Austen had not married in her lifetime, for she lived in a rural town and got in touch with small landowners, priest, other figures and their comfortable surroundings. There were no major social contradictions in her works. She de
46、picted the surroundings that she actually lived in. Especially the description of marriages and love storms between gentlemen and ladies by her detailed and considerable observation to female characteristics. The most readers welcomed her works, which were full of easy and humorous style and were ri
47、ch in comedy of the conflict” (Mukherjee 34-41). 2.2 The Main Plot in Pride and PrejudicePride and Prejudice focuses on a pair of sisters as they pursued the prospects for marriage. There are five sisters in all: Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Kitty and Lydia. They who were along with their mother, would be
48、 forced of their fathers small estate in the event of his death. Owing to the absence a male heir, Mr. Bennets property had passed to the nearest male relative of his, Reverend William Collins. This arrangement had made Mrs. Bennet increasingly anxious to marry off her daughters. When Mr. Bingley re
49、nts a nearby manor and arrives at with his sisters and a friend. Mrs. Bennets idea is that it is a better thing that one of her daughters could married him, so that the daughter would rank among the upper class and kept her life well-to-do.Bingley immediately fell in love with Jane because of her beauty, genteel and sweetness. His noble friend M
