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1、On the transition to the plight of citizen participation in public policy and Countermeasures Abstract: This paper analyzes the transitional period in Chinese society, the plight of citizen participation in public policy, in order to implement the from the masses, to the masses of this policy line,
2、should build participatory civic Culture, improve citizen participation cognitive level and ability to grasp the interests of public policy orientation, collaboration to resolve policy conflicts, improve information disclosure system, the implementation of government affairs, build citizen participa
3、tion in the protection mechanism, to guarantee the citizens right to participate in other areas to develop appropriate countermeasures. Keywords: transition, citizen participation, civic Culture, the general interest, public policy The so-called transition period, referring to the 20th century, 80 y
4、ears, as from a planned economy to a market economy led to morphological changes of Chinese society, including Economic, political, and cultural change at all levels. At present, with the further deepening of reform and opening up, the Administration of our government from the traditional concept of
5、 being highly centralized planned economy to a modern democratic concept of change in administrative philosophy. The idea of democratic Administration, democracy must be built on a solid political basis, not only meet the needs of institutional, cultural and even more need management concept to proc
6、eed. In fact, citizen participation is to achieve direct and effective way of democracy, and the present, our citizens participate in public policy in practice, the emergence of a variety of issues, not conducive to the harmonious development of society . In this paper, one of the major obstacles fo
7、r a rough analysis to public policy on promoting the process of democratization in China will benefit. First, the concept of citizen participation and civic participation in public policy significance. 1. The concept of citizen participation. The so-called citizen participation is to implement democ
8、racy, the pursuit of public interest and to achieve citizenship by individual citizens or citizen groups in all actions and decisions of public affairs, public affairs, these are my immediate concern to citizens based on local affairs and then gradually expanded to a national public policy, therefor
9、e, can be always the concern of every citizen and timely inputs to achieve, and citizen participation in the action must be built on the basis of legitimacy, and by participants under itself with the knowledge and ability to spend the cost of such influence is expected to rationally choose the most
10、effective ways and strategies 1. 2. The significance of citizen participation in public policy. (1 citizen participation in public policy can help improve the scientific nature of public policy. Complete information is necessary for public policy is public policy must be one of the basic principles.
11、 As the process of governance in the public affairs in their own limitations , as well as the limited information in the public policy process, the active participation of citizens, policy makers can provide rich information, well to make up the governments shortcomings. So the process of building a
12、 public policy-making civic participation mechanism for citizen participation in public policy to provide a variety of ways, through diverse stakeholder interests of the game between the full integration of the interests of citizens demands that public policy based on interests are fully expressed a
13、nd the basis of relative balance and reduce the policy costs, improve public policy of scientific indispensable condition. (2 citizen participation in public policy can help the implementation of public policy. Citizens in public policy-making position can not be ignored, because the political parti
14、es and government policies adopted to address the social and public issues are closely related with the public interest. In Most modern countries, especially the large population and vast territory of the country, the public is not easy to directly express their views on the central governments deci
15、sion, but in the policies of local governments to play a more important and more direct influence. There are many policies only by relying on the cooperation and participation of public order to be carried out, such as environmental protection, community development, social security and other aspect
16、s of policy, without public support, even if the policy came out, the implementation is still very difficult. To ensure that policy a higher degree of support, it can not be ignored in policy development and effective citizen involvement 2. Second, citizen participation in public policy dilemma. Bec
17、ause of the special conditions in the practice of citizen participation in public policy process, the inevitable emergence of this kind of predicament. At the moment, citizens of the major barriers to participation in public policy in general can be summarized as follows: 1. Civic Culture factors. D
18、espite the best hope of a democratic society is to maximize the participation of individual citizens, political affairs and public affairs, this participation will develop human capacity and therefore access to the comprehensive development of human nature. However, we know that First of all citizen
19、s to learn from a young age is how best to obey the course, only later learned of the convention authority, but is something. until adulthood, really found to be involved in making binding decisions. At this time, traditional cultural awareness has been put into an obedient citizen, political and cu
20、ltural factors affect the formation of young people continue to citizenship of a democratic society in a meaningful understanding of 3. Research Papers Download hi138/Com 2. Citizens own limitations. Modern public policy often with strong expertise in knowledge, ordinary citizens often can not under
21、stand the policies contained in the knowledge of quality standards, so they may have expertise or scientific community has concluded that the policy quality standards can not be questioned. in the capacity, whether they have communication skills to participate in policy should have, whether fully un
22、derstand the policy process and decision-making, whether the participants fully understand the expectations of policy restrictions, whether a full understanding of public problem solving interest orientation, are a huge obstacle to citizen participation. In addition, some participants often represen
23、t the needs of existing organizations, groups, expressing their special interests rather than the general interests of citizens. Thus, the existence of these phenomena, but also to a certain extent, more or less of citizen participation in public policy. 3. Citizen participation and widespread lack
24、of representation. Citizen participation and widespread lack of representation, mainly refers to the part of the government and its functions will reflect their own in order to achieve the smooth introduction of the public policy of this, through the manipulation of citizen participation , resulting
25、 in the process of public policy on behalf of a lack of citizen representation and comprehensive. Looking practice of civic engagement in recent years, part of the government and its functions in the public policy process is also attached great importance to citizen participation in public policy be
26、fore the introduction of broad civic collection views, some also held large-scale hearing. However, because participation in public policy, not the citizens have a reasonable manner, the participation of citizens designated by the parent organization, rather than through institutionalized stringent
27、procedures. specified in the parent organizations citizens in the process, some at odds with the government view citizens excluded, what is more, the participants himself is a vested interest in public policy, or with the government have an interest in other conditions, have led to citizen participa
28、tion in public policy development lack of representation and universality. 4. Stakeholders lack the right to speak. Stakeholders lack the right to speak, mainly refers to the public policy process, because of their own government and citizens of other reasons caused by the absence of relevant stakeh
29、olders, leading to demands of the interests of stakeholders in the not reflected in public policy. On the one hand, in reality, the main mode of public policy formulation is closed inward-looking, policy-makers to a certain extent with the citizens of separation, and few experts often become self-de
30、termination and leadership performance of closed-end . On the other hand, due to poor awareness of citizen participation and other reasons, resulting in the absence of relevant stakeholders, stakeholders and interests will not be reflected in public policies. Person would have as citizens of public
31、policy, they can personally experience the public policies to their Economic and social life, impact on public policy have the final say. However, due to public policy-making process of stakeholders lack the right to speak, will lead to integration of the interests of public policy is not comprehens
32、ive 4 . Third, improve citizen participation in public policy, some countermeasures. 1. Construction of participatory civic Culture, improve the level of citizen participation and cognitive ability. Almond that democracy for ordinary people to provide an influential opportunities for citizen partici
33、pation in decision-making process 5. The traditional political Culture in China the official position ideology, clean government complex, the subjects largely suppressed sense of citizen participation, the long run, it will lead citizens to believe that the governments policy since the beginning of
34、things, not associated with their own, forming a civic engagement cultural difficulties. build participatory political culture of local affairs from the start, especially with the affairs of citizens associated with the most immediate, the power will lead to citizen participation, when the citizens
35、in these local issues and learn to participate in learning and adapt, will gradually develop a wider participation from the ability and interest in public affairs, and to further clarify the participation in public policy is a fundamental political rights and obligations in the process gradually inc
36、rease the level of knowledge and ability. 2. Grasp the orientation of public policy interests. The so-called public interest is in a particular social conditions, to meet members of the Communitys existence, enjoyment, development of public resources and conditions required sum. 6 the so-called gene
37、ral interest is the full benefit of the target group is all part of the overall interests and the interests of independent sum. 7 At this stage, the interests of public policy approach should be based on the guidance of the overall system view of the general interest, because this way, Neng play on
38、the part of the overall advantages of integration, but also all components of the system Neng mobilize the enthusiasm, so that the system has great general interest. 3. Improve the information disclosure system, the implementation of government affairs. Public policy is actually a kind of informatio
39、n activities, if citizens participate in public policy can not grasp the relevant information on public policy, then the citizen participation in public policy is difficult to reflect its value. The public various aspects of the policy to make a comprehensive, scientific description and published to
40、 the public, to enable citizens to understand the science of public policy objectives, and appropriate coping strategies to make science and accurate judgments, in order to better participate in the exercise of civic policy. 4. Construction of the protection of citizen participation, and effectively
41、 protect the citizens right to participate. From the theoretical point of view, the supply of public policy depends on the protection of all sectors of society to achieve the balance of the right to speak their own interests. Protect citizens from the system in accordance with legal procedures and s
42、ystems to participate in public policy to ensure that citizens participate in public policy to fully complete the expression of their own interest demands. In practice, the protection of citizen participation mechanisms built from two aspects: one the organization structure, to achieve local grassro
43、ots self-government, and second, the legal environment, the establishment of Citizen Participation Law, the full protection of citizen participation in the implementation. Free Paper Download Center References: 1 Lee and strengthen the country. M. Economic Management Press, 2004. 2 Chen Zhenmin edit
44、or. M. Renmin University of China Press, 2004. 3 Lee and strengthen the country. M. Economic Management Publishing House .2004. 4 high-Fu Feng. J. Economic Research. 2008, No. 46. 5 Almond waiting. M. Translated by Zhang Shu. Taiwan Sage Publications Company. 1996. 6 Luo Zhong Wang. J. Theoretical Discussion. 2003 2. 7 Zhang Guoqing editor. M. Fudan University Press, 2004.
