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1、On the Tragic Fate of the Main Characters in the Wuthering HeightsContentsAbstract (in Chinese) IAbstract (in English) II I. Introduction1II. Literature review1III. The personal reasons23.1. Catherine2 3.1.1. Her double personality and her false choice23.1.2. Catherine cares too much about the judge
2、 of the community 53.1.3. She holds a wrong attitude towards marriage63.2. Heathcliff63.2.1. He is defeated by prejudice and loses his confidence and self-esteem63.2.2. Heathcliff does not give enough trust to Catherine73.2.3. His Male Chauvinism73.2.4. Reasons of his own characters8IV. The social r
3、easons10V. Conclusion11References13摘 要呼啸山庄之所以为一部悲剧是有多种原因的。这篇文章从两个方面来解释这一悲剧成因：个人原因和社会原因。在个人原因这一方面，凯瑟琳和西斯克利夫都要承担责任。凯瑟琳拥有双重人格，一方面她深爱着西斯克利夫，另一方面，她没有勇气打破传统的束缚。另外，她还有自身的性格缺陷，比如：自私和虚荣。正是因为她的这一双重人格，使她最终选择了林顿，这一集财富名誉于一身的绅士。但是她却不能够忘记西斯克利夫。因此，凯瑟琳陷于矛盾之中。至于西斯克利夫， 他粗暴，疯狂和扭曲的性格是他选择复仇，造成这一爱情悲剧的最大内在原因，虽然这一切都源于周围人对他的
4、偏见。而最重要的是，凯瑟琳和西斯克利夫生活在一个父权社会之中， 这一社会背景是他们之间爱情的最大阻碍。关键词：悲剧成因；个人原因；社会原因；父权 AbstractTragedy occurs in Wuthering Height because of different reasons. This essay analyzes the reasons from two aspects: personal reasons and social reasons. With regard to personal reasons, both Catherine and Heathcliff shou
5、ld shoulder the responsibility. Catherine holds a double personality, that is, she loves Heathcliff on one hand, but can not break the conventions on the other hand. Besides these, she also has some weaknesses in character, such as selfishness, vanity. Just because of her double character, she choos
6、es Linton, the one with fame and wealth. But she can not forget about Heathcliff, so she becomes trapped in this contradiction. In terms of Heathcliff, he is violent, crazy and distorted in disposition, though all these should be blamed on the prejudice from others. Most importantly, they live in a
7、society favoring chauvinism, which becomes the main barrier to his love with Catherine.Key words: tragic reasons; personal reasons; social reasons；ChauvinismI. IntroductionWuthering Heights is Emily Brontes only novel. It was published in 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell, and a posthumous second
8、edition was edited by her sister Charlotte. The name of the novel comes from the Yorkshire manor on the moors on which the story centers. (As an adjective, Wuthering is a Yorkshire word referring to turbulent weather.) When Emily wrote the novel, England was a society of male chauvinism. Under this
9、social background, women were of no social status, and their fate was decided by their father, husband and son. Their attitude towards marriage was deeply affected by the money worship of the Victorian age. Under this age, the Industrial Revolution entered its prosperous period, and the economy of E
10、ngland was on the rise. However, it revealed the shortcoming of itself- the internal contradiction of the capitalism. People in that age suffered tremendously.The work tells the tale of the passionate, yet thwarted love between Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw, and how this unresolved passion event
11、ually destroys both themselves and many around them. Catherine chooses Linton because of his money, and this turns Heathcliff into a creature of revenge. After Catherine dies, Heathcliff begins his plan of revenge one by one, but at last, he finds all he has done means nothing to him, and he feels e
12、mpty and sad, so he died of loneliness at last.II. Literature review:Wuthering Heights, which has long been one of the most popular and highly regarded novels in English literature, seems to hold little promise when it was published in 1847, selling very poorly and receiving only a few mixed reviews
13、. People find this book full of inappropriate depiction of passionate, ungoverned love and cruelty, and even Emily Brontes own sister Charlotte remained ambivalent toward the intensity of her sisters novel. And the love depicted in the novel is regarded as meaningless and cruel. Some people only bla
14、me Heathcliff, because he is so merciless and crazy when making revenge and this revenge goes beyond the readers understanding. But some attribute the tragic fate to Catherine, thinking she disobeys to the convention, which brings about the tragedy. However, in my opinion, we can not blame Heathclif
15、f or Catherine only. We should not only consider the personality of both Catherine and Heathcliff, but also pay attention to the social background of that time. The Personal Reasons：3.1 Catherine:3.1.1 Her double personality and her false choiceCatherine is so ignorant about the true meaning of love
16、, and this is mainly because she has a double personality We can summarize Catherines double personality as following: She has both qualities of revolt and compromising. On one hand, she longs for a life of being with her true love, so when she finds Linton can not satisfy this kind of emotion, she
17、begins to rebel. She acts dissatisfaction toward Linton and shows her love to Heathcliff, even when Linton is at present. On the other hand, when she is faced with her true love, she can not make a brave decision to be with him. This duality of personality can not be understood as an unfaithfulness
18、of love, but as her pendulousness when choosing between the worldly love and pure love. As for her rebellion, we can see it from her early childhood life. Though born in a rich, high-society family, Catherine is not happy because she sufferers her brothers mistreatment. After her father died, her br
19、other Hindley becomes the dominator of the house. And he wants Catherine to act like a real lady, rather than the “dirty dog” wandering outside. Therefore, he strictly watches over Catherines every movement, and if she does something just a little beyond his expectation, he will punish her. From the
20、 novel, we often see the scene of punishment on Catherine: she is often asked to stand at the corner of the wall, not allowed to eat and would be given numerous scolding by Hindley. Besides, she never receives any bit of love from her brother, in other words, she lives in a family lacking in love an
21、d caring. Therefore, when Heathcliff shows up in the house at the beginning, Catherine shows great interest to him. More importantly, she begins to show sympathy with Heathcliff and becomes good friends with him. They help each other rebel Hindleys abuse and care about each other. Catherine, in her
22、deepest heart, is a girl desiring for the wild and free life. From the novel, we can often see her and Heathcliff run on the hillside of the Wuthering Height, which shows that they are all free souls. In this sphere, she loves Heathcliff from the deepest heart and their love is pure because it is bu
23、ilt on the basis of mutual understanding. Before she gets married with Linton, she innocently believes that by marrying Linton, she can not only obtain the comfort of life, but also get her true love from Heathcliff. But Heathcliff leaves Wuthering Height, and this is a big shock to her. She runs an
24、d seeks him madly in the rain, thus resulting in his disease. But when Heathcliff comes back with success and a totally new look, Catherines calm is broken again, being too excited to sleep. Her peaceful world begins to shake: she is annoyed by Lintons sullenness, and is overjoyed at Heathcliffs vis
25、it. Only Heathcliff is an “idol” in her mind. Such kind of the contradicted, violent passion, which is full of willfulness and faith, makes the Lady distracted. “Willfulness” is superior to all. She accepts his domination of her because she is instinctively and naturally aware that her motivation ha
26、s a deeper significance than the mere acquisition of property. In desperation, she chooses to destroy herself, locking herself in the room and refusing to eat anything for several days. Despite of such a deep love to Heathcliff, she can not give up all the comfort that she owns when being with Linto
27、n. From all above we can clearly see her double personality, and just because of this, she gets trapped and finally dies of the pain brought by the contradiction.This kind of double personality also contributes to her false choice between the worldly love and pure love:From the experience of visitin
28、g the Thrushcross Grange, Catherine, for the first time in her life, sees and understands what the life of the real upper class should be: it is full of civilization and elegance. Catherines behavior is changed by Linton, and Heathcliff cannot follow her. Although Catherine still cares for the happy
29、 time when she and Heathcliff run wildly together, she is under a lot of pressure to become a lady. When she comes back to Wuthering Height, she, on one hand, is eager to play with Heathcliff and flows to embrace him and kisses him on the cheek; on the other hand, she fears that Heathcliffs dirty ha
30、nds will leave embellishments on her dress. It is just the time that she finds Linton attractive for he holds the quality of grace, being educated and handsome. As a result her sudden good feeling about Linton is understandable, and she understands this kind of emotion in her own way, “well, because
31、 he is young and cheerful”, “and because he loves me,” “and he will be rich, and I shall like to be the greatest woman of the neighborhood, and I shall be proud of having such a husband.” Of course, those are all her reasons to marry Linton, and Heathcliff is not able to meet these demands.” “if Hea
32、thcliff and I married, we should be beggars” However, in terms of the love towards Heathcliff, Catherine is more enthusiastic, which is commonly believed to be innocent, “I love him: and that, not because he is handsome, Nelly, but because he is more myself than I am. Whatever our souls are made of
33、, his and mine are the same；and Lintons is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frost from fire.” “I can not express it; but surely you and everybody have a notion that there is or should be an existence of yours beyond you.” “My great miseries in this world have been Heathcliffs miseries,
34、and I watched and felt each from the beginning: my great thought in living is he. If all else perished, and he remained, I should still continue to be; and if all else remained, and he was annihilated, the universe would turn to a mighty stranger: I should not seem a part of it. My love for Linton i
35、s like the foliage in the woods: time will change it; Im well aware, as winter changes the trees. My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary. Nelly, I am Heathcliff! He is always, always in my mind: not as a pleasure, any more than I
36、 am always a pleasure to myself, but as my own being.”From what Catherine says, we can clearly understand that her true love is for Heathcliff rather than for Linton. However, she makes a totally false choice by herself-she chooses Linton, just for the sake of admiring his fortune and fame. In other
37、 words, she submits to her snobbishness and hypocrisy. She can not make a reasonable decision between true love and those things associated with common custom, which gives rise to the tragedy.3.1.2 Catherine cares too much about the prejudice of the community Compared with her own heart, Catherine p
38、refers to a person who has all the qualities such as elegance, noble origin, being well educated and good-looking, which win the respect of people around. In this respect, Catherine is so shallow that she can not understand that the core of marriage is love, which is endurable and permanent, but not
39、 the desirable condition of a person. All those things are transient. This kind of material-oriented love will be doomed to confront extinct, just as Catherine puts it, “my love for Linton is like the foliage in the woods: time will change it.” At the same time, she is not courageous enough to choos
40、e Heathcliff and the poor life. She dares not choose the true love because she can not bear prejudice by other people. Catherine is so ignorant of the definition of happiness, which is built on the basis of ones own attitude and satisfaction towards love.3.1.3 She holds a wrong attitude towards marr
41、iage. According to Catherine, marriage should be based on comfort and affluence, in other words, the material factor comes first, rather than deep love. Catherine chooses Linton because she wants to encourage Heathcliff, making him more progressive. But this is ridiculous-marriage is based on the mu
42、tual respect and trust, and most importantly, piety towards each other. She even tells her servant Nelly, “if I marry Linton, I can aid Heathcliff to rise, and place him out of my brothers power.” But things do not go as she hopes. Heathcliff, shocked by the betrayal of his love, leaves Catherine an
43、d plans a cruel revenge, which makes all the people involved greatly suffer, especially Catherine. As a result, Catherines “good intention” turns out to be the direct reason for the tragic fate between them. When Nelly doubts the possibility of her innocent hope of getting together with Heathcliff a
44、fter she got married with Linton, she exclaimed with an accent of indignation, “who is to separate us, pray? Not as long as I live, Ellen, for no mortal creature. Every Linton on the face of the earth might melt into nothing, before I could consent to forsake Heathcliff.”3.2 Heathcliff3.2.1 He is de
45、feated by prejudice and loses his confidence and self-esteem.In fact, if he only suffers mistreatment from other people, it is far from tragic. However, Heathcliff deserts himself just like others. He never discovers his own value, struggling in the distorted indignation that comes from other people
46、s disdain. One who loses confidence and self-esteem is no more than giving up himself. If he still has confidence, he will believe Catherine still loves him as usual, and he will not choose the way to revenge. He loses the ability to love himself and to love Catherine. 3.2.2 Heathcliff does not give
47、 enough trust to Catherine. He lacks enough communication with Catherine and does not have enough patience when pursuing love .Heathcliff once tells Catherine he will kill those people who tried to take her away from him, including Catherine herself. From this we can see that he does not believe Cat
48、herine remaining loyal to him. More importantly, Heathcliff does not give himself the chance to make clear the true thoughts of Catherine. Heathcliff once hears about Nelly and Catherine talk about Linton and himself in the kitchen. He hears Catherine tell Nelly that she cannot marry him because Hindley has cast h
