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1、SOFTWARE FACTORY TECHNIQUESAPPLIED TO PROCESS CONTROL AT CERN Mathias Dutour, CERN, Geneva, SwitzerlandAbstractThe CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) requires constant monitoring and control of quantities of parameters to guarantee operational conditions. For this purpose, a methodology called UNICOS
2、(UNIfied Industrial COntrols Systems) has been implemented to standardize the design of process control applications. To further accelerate the development of these applications, we migrated our existing UNICOS tooling suite toward a software factory in charge of assembling project, domain and techn
3、ical information seamlessly into deployable PLC (Programmable logic Controller) SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) systems.This software factory delivers consistently high quality by reducing human error and repetitive tasks, and adapts to user specifications in a cost-efficient way. H
4、ence, this production tool is designed to encapsulate and hide the PLC and SCADA target platforms, enabling the experts to focus on the business model rather than specific syntaxes and grammars. Based on industry standard software, this production tool together with the UNICOS methodology 1 provides
5、 a modular environment meant to support each process control expert to develop his solutions quickly.This article presents the user requirements of the software factory and the chosen approach. Then the focus moves to the benefits of the selected architecture, and ends up with the results and a visi
6、on for further improvements.INTRODUCTIONThe large scale process control applications developed at CERN cannot be presented as a production line, but rather as custom-designed applications in constant evolution during their lifecycles. This evolution during the development phase is dictated either by
7、 extensions to the system or by applying corrections and implies the need for often regenerating the process control applications.Therefore the maintenance on the long term of the tools to produce such process control applications is critical.With these ideas in mind, a software factory 2, also call
8、ed the UAB (UNICOS Application Builder) tool, was designed to enable faster and cheaper code generation in a context of often changing requirements.DRIVING REQUIREMENTSBesides the limitations of the existing code generation tools 3, the users expect more support and efficiency from the UAB, to focus
9、 only on their field of expertise and to be able to reuse the assets they produced across teams and projects.ExtensibilityProcess control applications are subject to many extensions. Typical examples: a new type of physical device has to be integrated or additional parameters are required for proces
10、s control logic.The UAB tool reflects this versatility and provides the means to integrate seamlessly these new elements. Additionally, the assets produced by the team for this integration work, are valuable and directly reusable in a different context for another team, thus increasing productivity.
11、Since the domain knowledge involved in the development of a process control application is not platform specific (e.g.: PLC vendor independent), the UAB tool provides the required support to guarantee the reusability of the business assets produced as well. On the same level, it also means the UAB t
12、ool can be easily extended to address new platforms without starting from scratch again and again.Separation of concernsThe inputs and outputs of the UAB tool are handled by several people with different expertise and responsibilities.Typically the description of the project data, i.e. the field-lev
13、el description of the process control application, is realized by a System developer, while its business logic is the responsibility of a Domain expert. Finally the PLC or the SCADA developer is responsible for the integration and the deployment of the generated application.For the UAB tool it is th
14、erefore important to decouple these different aspects and keep them separate from the UAB tool internals.Consistency checking supportThe consistency checking support offered by the UAB tool is implemented at different levels:First an unambiguous means to feed the information into the code generation
15、 process is provided, enforced through the use of predefined models.Second, the UAB tool provides the users with powerful means to validate the semantic consistency of the code generation process inputs. The objective here is to detect and fix issues as early as possible during the development phase
16、.Finally, the UAB tool reports to the users any problems identified during the code generation and provides automatically hints for resolution.ARCHITECTUREMore than a simple tool, the UAB tool is rather an approach to deal with automatic code generation.The central idea of the UAB architecture is to
17、 decouple the low-level information of the project (rather descriptive), from the usage of this information (the domain knowledge), from the project instantiation itself (the platform-specific generated code).Figure 1: UAB tool context.The various packets implementing this approach together with the
18、 stakeholders are presented below:Raw project data and Grammar check packetsThe Raw project data typically contains the information describing the process control system itself, and is therefore target-platform dependent (i.e. it describes platform-specific PLC and SCADA information). However, it do
19、esnt describe how this information shall be used for the code generation process.This project data is likely to be updated on a regular basis during the project development phase, as the user requirements are received and integrated.The chosen format to gather this information is XML (eXtended Marku
20、p Language), the de facto industry standard and vendor independent dataencapsulation language. XML allows this data to be constrained by an XML schema, presented here as the Grammar check” packet in the Figure 1. Unlike the Raw Project data files, the Grammar check packet contains only structural de
21、finition and is designed as an extensible asset to be shared across process control projects.Figure 2: Project information.The Grammar check packet structure is known by the Code generation rules packet and used by the UAB Tool packet to generate an internal representation of the Raw project data. T
22、his internal representation is managed by the JAXB 45(Java Architecture for XML Binding) library. Thanks to JAXB, the extension or structural modification of the Raw project data can be realized on the fly with no need to modify the UAB Tool and immediate availability to the Code generation rules.Co
23、de generation rules packetJust like the orchestra conductor, the Code generation rules dont contain any data, but simply encapsulate the business knowledge of the output expected. Their primary goal is to drive the code generation through a set of abstract services. (E.g.: same rules apply whatever
24、the PLC target platform is)By focusing on the “What” rather than on the “How”, the Domain expert in charge of the Code generation rules can focus only on the system behaviour he expects. The Code generation rules have been designed to enable platform syntax abstraction, a step away from error prone
25、syntaxes.To achieve their goal, the Code generation rules have at their disposal two handles. A first handle on the Raw project data to extract any relevant information, and a second one on the code generation services of the UAB Tool to dictate what to do with this information:Figure 3: Code genera
26、tion principle.The flow of operations is the following: The Code generation rules accesses the UNICOS Project data (Step 1), possibly verifying or pre-processing this data, then calls abstracts services of the UAB tool (Step 2), which in turn generates the related pieces of code with the proper synt
27、ax (Step 3).Concretely, the Code generation rules consist of a set of files written in a scripting language. The Jython 6 (Python for Java) language was chosen for this purpose, as it integrates perfectly with the UAB Tool and provides extensive functionality. Using such a scripting language rather
28、than a flat properties file allows very powerful constructions. It allows the Domain expert, first to perform consistency and semantic checks on the Raw project data, and second to request code generation services possibly adapting dynamically to the current context.UAB Tool packetThe UAB tool main
29、packet is actually a container for platformspecific code generation plugins. To minimize maintenance, the UAB Core itself follows the broker design pattern and provides the plugins with an extensive set of high level interfaces (see Figure 4). The UAB Core is also in charge of other traditional aspe
30、cts as well, such as graphical user interface, command line handling, file management, online error logging, etc.:Figure 4: UAB tool packet internalsTo achieve the objective of extensibility, the UAB Core is highly configurable and has no static knowledge of its plug-ins, the content of the Code gen
31、eration rules, or even any UNICOS concepts.The chosen language for the development of the UAB Core and its plug-ins is Java. Java permits high coding productivity and abstraction mechanisms such as introspection and runtime class loading, which are used efficiently by the UAB Core to dynamically ada
32、pt to its environment.UAB Tool plug-insThe plug-ins managed by the UAB Core are independent from each other and have different responsibilities. They are only focussed on pure code generation aspects; and know how to transform the abstract requests of the Code generation rules into proper vendor-spe
33、cific source code. For example, one of our plug-in is responsible for the Schneider UNICOS PLC code generation and simply knows how to instantiate PLC objects and map them in PLC memory. For the rest the plug-in relies on the UAB Core mechanisms.All plug-ins are built onto the same model. Each one c
34、an interact with the Code generation rules, access the Raw project data, and use UAB Core interfaces. Having a reusable model makes it easy to develop and integrate new plug-ins, even with little programming experience.BENEFITSThe software factory approach, implemented here in the context of process
35、 control, allows to focus on the expected result rather than on the means to produce this result. Mixing static configuration, auto-adaptive software and abstract user directives, the UAB tool is a powerful and yet simple ruledriven code generation environment.The project technical data, business lo
36、gic and tooling configuration are clearly separated preventing the spaghetti plate effect: The long term maintenance of the process control applications is made safer and cheaper.The multi-level error checking mechanisms addressing grammar, syntax and semantic aspects filter-out many mistakes which
37、could be difficult to detect before deployment and therefore very costly to track down and fix.Nonetheless, this approach is not self sufficient and does enforce on the onward a rigorous design of the project constructions to be used, such as the Grammar check and Code generation rules packets. This
38、 is also to the direct benefit of the quality of the process control application produced.CONCLUSIONAt this date the UAB Core is being finalized while various UNICOS plug-ins are well advanced, namely for the PLC objects code generation on the Schneider Unity platform and their supervision counterpa
39、rt on the PVSS SCADA. Siemens Step7 plug-ins are under development as well for objects and control logic code generation.However, the UAB is not limited to UNICOS or even code generation, and its architecture can adapt to many domains with a need for a flexible offline data processing solution.REFER
40、ENCES1Philippe Gayet and Renaud Barillere, “UNICOS A framework to build Industry like control systems: Principles and methodology”, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland.2Jack Greenfield and Keith Short, “Moving to Software Factories”, Microsoft Corporation.3G. Thomas, “LHC GCS: A model-driven approach for auto
41、matic PLC and SCADA code generation”, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland.4The GlassFish community, 5Joseph Fialli and Sekhar Vajjhala, Sun Microsystems Inc. “The Java Architecture for XML Binding (JAXB)”, January 8th 2003.6The Jython Project, http:/www.jython.org.我的大学爱情观1、什么是大学爱情：大学是一个相对宽松，时间自由，自己支配的环境，也正因为这
42、样，培植爱情之花最肥沃的土地。大学生恋爱一直是大学校园的热门话题，恋爱和学业也就自然成为了大学生在校期间面对的两个主要问题。恋爱关系处理得好、正确，健康，可以成为学习和事业的催化剂，使人学习努力、成绩上升；恋爱关系处理的不当，不健康，可能分散精力、浪费时间、情绪波动、成绩下降。因此，大学生的恋爱观必须树立在健康之上，并且树立正确的恋爱观是十分有必要的。因此我从下面几方面谈谈自己的对大学爱情观。2、什么是健康的爱情：1) 尊重对方，不显示对爱情的占有欲，不把爱情放第一位，不痴情过分；2) 理解对方，互相关心，互相支持，互相鼓励，并以对方的幸福为自己的满足; 3) 是彼此独立的前提下结合；3、什么
43、是不健康的爱情：1)盲目的约会，忽视了学业;2)过于痴情，一味地要求对方表露爱的情怀，这种爱情常有病态的夸张;3)缺乏体贴怜爱之心，只表现自己强烈的占有欲;4)偏重于外表的追求;4、大学生处理两人的在爱情观需要三思：1. 不影响学习：大学恋爱可以说是一种必要的经历，学习是大学的基本和主要任务，这两者之间有错综复杂的关系，有的学生因为爱情，过分的忽视了学习，把感情放在第一位；学习的时候就认真的去学，不要去想爱情中的事，谈恋爱的时候用心去谈，也可以交流下学习，互相鼓励，共同进步。2. 有足够的精力：大学生活，说忙也会很忙，但说轻松也是相对会轻松的！大学生恋爱必须合理安排自身的精力，忙于学习的同时不
44、能因为感情的事情分心，不能在学习期间，放弃学习而去谈感情，把握合理的精力，分配好学习和感情。3、 有合理的时间；大学时间可以分为学习和生活时间，合理把握好学习时间和生活时间的“度”很重要；学习的时候，不能分配学习时间去安排两人的在一起的事情，应该以学习为第一；生活时间，两人可以相互谈谈恋爱，用心去谈，也可以交流下学习，互相鼓励，共同进步。5、大学生对爱情需要认识与理解，主要涉及到以下几个方面：（一） 明确学生的主要任务“放弃时间的人，时间也会放弃他。”大学时代是吸纳知识、增长才干的时期。作为当代大学生，要认识到现在的任务是学习学习做人、学习知识、学习为人民服务的本领。在校大学生要集中精力，投入
45、到学习和社会实践中，而不是因把过多的精力、时间用于谈情说爱浪费宝贵的青春年华。因此，明确自己的目标，规划自己的学习道路，合理分配好学习和恋爱的地位。（二） 树林正确的恋爱观提倡志同道合、有默契、相互喜欢的爱情：在恋人的选择上最重要的条件应该是志同道合，思想品德、事业理想和生活情趣等大体一致。摆正爱情与学习、事业的关系：大学生应该把学习、事业放在首位，摆正爱情与学习、事业的关系，不能把宝贵的大学时间，锻炼自身的时间都用于谈情说有爱而放松了学习。 相互理解、相互信任，是一份责任和奉献。爱情是奉献而不时索取，是拥有而不是占有。身边的人与事时刻为我们敲响警钟，不再让悲剧重演。生命只有一次，不会重来，大
46、学生一定要树立正确的爱情观。（三） 发展健康的恋爱行为 在当今大学校园，情侣成双入对已司空见惯。抑制大学生恋爱是不实际的，大学生一定要发展健康的恋爱行为。与恋人多谈谈学习与工作，把恋爱行为限制在社会规范内，不致越轨，要使爱情沿着健康的道路发展。正如马克思所说：“在我看来，真正的爱情是表现在恋人对他的偶像采取含蓄、谦恭甚至羞涩的态度，而绝不是表现在随意流露热情和过早的亲昵。”（四） 爱情不是一件跟风的事儿。很多大学生的爱情实际上是跟风的结果，是看到别人有了爱情，看到别人幸福的样子（注意，只是看上去很美），产生了羊群心理，也就花了大把的时间和精力去寻找爱情（五） 距离才是保持爱情之花常开不败的法宝
47、。爱情到底需要花多少时间，这是一个很大的问题。有的大学生爱情失败，不是因为男女双方在一起的时间太少，而是因为他们在一起的时间太多。相反，很多大学生恋爱成功，不是因为男女双方在一起的时间太少，而是因为他们准确地把握了在一起的时间的多少程度。（六） 爱情不是自我封闭的二人世界。很多人过分的活在两人世界，对身边的同学，身边好友渐渐的失去联系，失去了对话，生活中只有彼此两人；班级活动也不参加，社外活动也不参加，每天除了对方还是对方，这样不利于大学生健康发展，不仅影响学习，影响了自身交际和合作能力。总结：男女之间面对恋爱，首先要摆正好自己的心态，树立自尊、自爱、自强、自重应有的品格，千万不要盲目地追求爱，也不宜过急追求爱，要分清自己的条件是否成熟。要树立正确的恋爱观，明确大学的目的，以学习为第一；规划好大学计划，在不影响学习的条件下，要对恋爱认真，专一，相互鼓励，相互学习，共同进步；认真对待恋爱观，做健康的恋爱；总之，我们大学生要树立正确的恋爱观念，让大学的爱情成为青春记忆里最美的风景，而不是终身的遗憾！
