《Teacher Roles in Communicative Language Teaching in Middle School.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Teacher Roles in Communicative Language Teaching in Middle School.doc（16页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、中学英语教师在交际教学法中的角色Teacher Roles in Communicative Language Teaching in Middle SchoolContentsAbstract.1Key words.11. Introduction.22. Literature Review.32.1 Historical and theoretical background to CLT.32.2 CLT in China.52.3 Traditional English teaching style.52.4 Traditional English teacher.73. Roles o
2、f English Teacher in CLT.73.1 Classification of teacher roles in CLT.73.2 The Teaching strategies of the teacher in CLT.93.3. Teachers function.114. Capabilities of Qualified Teachers.114.1. Morality and personality.124.2. Willingness to embrace new concepts.124.3. Occupational capabilities.124.4. R
3、esearch capabilities.135. Conclusion .13References.13Abstract: In order for students to achieve fluency, teachers must consider implementing a complete Communicative Language Teaching curriculum for teaching English. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) has become a fashionable methodology of teach
4、ing foreign languages in middle schools in China in recent years. It is wildly used in middle school. It pays systematic attention to functional as well as structural aspects of language, combining these into a more fully communicative view. The teacher will play different roles while teaching, only
5、 when the teacher well-do his or her job, can the class be effective to students learning. This thesis investigates the multiple roles of teacher, analyzes the capabilities of a qualified teacher, and introduces the development of CLT and the application in middle school in China.Key words: CLT; tea
6、cher roles; capabilities of a qualified teacher 摘 要：近年来，随着人们对语言认识的改变，外语教学越来越强调交际能力的培养。作为当今外语教学的主流方法，交际教学法跳出了传授知识、培训技能的误区，注重培养学习者的语言交际能力。交际语言教学法是一种强调学习语言目的是培养交际能力的外语教学方法，产生于20世纪70年代初期，在短短的十年之内，就被大多数英语教师所接受，并且在英语教学中起支配作用。交际教学法一方面需要教师有很宽广的知识面，甚至是超出本专业的知识；另一方面，它要求教师有较强的语言运用能力。同时，教师在运用交际教学法进行教学的时候将会扮演一些不
7、同的角色,一位好的英语教师不仅应该拥有较高的专业水平，还应善于运用交际技巧激发学生学习的积极性。本文阐述了介绍了交际教学法的产生和发展，交际教学法的实质，研究了教师的多重角色，探讨了好教师的必备素质，并且介绍了交际教学法在我国的中学英语教学中应用时出现的一些问题。关键词：交际教学法；教师的角色；好教师的素质1. IntroductionAs we speed toward and into the 21st century, we can indeed take some pride in a sophisticated accumulation of knowledge about seco
8、nd language learning and teaching. Such was not always the case. Language teachers in the middle part of the 20th century witnessed the “birth” of a disciplined approach to second language learning and teaching, but the nascent profession was hard put up to come up with viable answers to questions a
9、bout how to teach interactive skills in the classroom. By 1970s, second language acquisition was establishing itself as a discipline in its own right, asserting its place as not merely an offshoot of linguistics of psychology. Teaching is considered the most demanding and challenging social activiti
10、es in our society, with the ultimate goal of training students to acquire the ability to communicate in English. Its generally agreed that good teaching is good communication between teacher and students and also among students and the best efficiency in a classroom comes from effective co-operation
11、 between the teacher and the students. Therefore, teacher roles can be vital to the effect of the language learning. Traditionally, the evaluation of a teacher has depended on the amount of knowledge he or she put into the students heads: the more, the better. As a result, the image of a successful
12、teacher has been the one who can input a large amount of knowledge and information while standing on the platform of the classroom. As Scrimshaw points out, if using a theater analogy, the traditional instructor serves as the lead actor-the one who must carry the show, even though there is allowance
13、 for other characters to interact. In a class of such a kind, the teacher is the unquestionable authority who dominates the class from the beginning to the end, while the students are just the passive accepters. A considerable amount of time is spent on the explanation and analysis of grammar, sente
14、nces, phrases, words and their usages with comparatively little time on exercises and practice. When the communicative approach is introduced into the classroom, emphasis is laid on the four related language skills, reading, writing, listening and speaking. In this learner-centered class the teacher
15、 has to shift his or her role from a dominant teacher to an organizer or a director, because the goal of language teaching is to enable students to use the target language to communicate efficiently in real life. Thus, the teacher can only take a dominant role only when his or her expert knowledge i
16、s needed for the explanation of the difficult sentences. Teachers and students all participate in the teaching and learning process, which breaks down the traditional teaching patterns.The New Curriculum Criterion for senior high school exhibits bran-new English teaching methodology, it definitely c
17、larifies that the major task of the basic education is to stimulate and cultivate the students interest in English learning, make the students be self-confidence in it, form good habits of studying and adopt efficient strategies of studying English. It is well known that in our English teaching, fir
18、st of all, the teacher tries his/her best to cultivate students, make them be enthusiastic in learning English. Under the idea of CLT, we should adopt all kinds of useful means of teaching fully utilize them in classroom, where the students improve their language skills.Communicative Language Teachi
19、ng is a kind of foreign language teaching which emphasizes that the goal of language learning is communicative competence. It is a wildly used good methodology in high school. It pays systematic attention to functional as well as structural aspects of language, combining these into a more fully comm
20、unicative view. According to Littlewood, CLT may have the following particular features:1It aims to teach the language needed to express and understand different kinds of functions, such as requesting, describing, complaining, exchanging, etc. 2It emphasized the process of communication through whic
21、h learners learn the language and develop their competence by appropriate use of the language, performing classroom tasks and interacting with other people.3It is learner-centered. Learners are not passive recipients. Instead, they actively participate in classroom learning process, performing tasks
22、 and taking the responsibility of their own learning.According to CLT, the teacher has two main roles: the first role is to facilitate the communication process between all participants in the classroom, and between these participants and the various activities and the texts. The second role is to a
23、ct as an independent participant within the learning-teaching group. The latter role is closely related to the objectives of the first role and arises from it. These roles imply a set of secondary roles for the teacher; first, as an organizer of resources and as a resource himself, second as a guide
24、 within the classroom procedures and activities. A third role for the teacher is that of researcher and learner, with much to contribute in terms of appropriate knowledge and abilities, actual and observed experience of the nature of learning and organizational capacities. Other roles of assumed for
25、 teachers are needs analyst, counselor, and group process manager. 2. Literature Review2.1 Historical and Theoretical Background to Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)The Communicative Language Teaching originated from the changes in British language teaching tradition dating back from the late 19
26、60s. The framework of the Communicative Approach has expanded in mid-1970s. Until the early 1980s, the Communicative Approach sprung up in the field of second language pedagogies of China. From then on, the Communicative Approach brought great reforms to second language teaching and learning. It aro
27、used peoples awareness of the development of communicative competence.Within the last quarter of the 20th century, CLT had been put forth around the world as the new or innovative way to teach English as a second or foreign language. Teaching materials, course descriptions, and curriculum guidelines
28、 proclaim a goal of developing the students communicative competence. Current journals and books on foreign language teaching have revealed quantities of research findings on CLT. The origins of CLT can be traced to concurrent developments in both Europe and North America. In Europe, the language ne
29、eds of a rapidly increasing group of immigrants and guest workers, as well as a rich British linguistic tradition including social and linguistic context in description of language behavior. It led the Council of Europe to develop a syllabus for learners based on notional-functional concepts of lang
30、uage use. Language functions were based on an assessment of the communicative needs of learners. The term “communicative” attached itself to program that used a notional-functional syllabus based on needs assessment, and the language for specific purposes movement was launched. Other European develo
31、pments focused on the process of communicative classroom language teaching. Meanwhile, in the United States, Hymes (1971) had reacted to Chomskys characterization of the linguistic competence of the ideal native speaker and, retaining Chomskys distinction between competence and performance, proposed
32、 the term “communicative competence” to present the ability to use language in a social context, to observe sociolinguistic norms of appropriateness. Communicative language teaching derives from a multidisciplinary perspective that includes, at least, linguistics, psychology, philosophy, sociology,
33、and educational research. It starts from a theory of language as communication. The goal of language teaching is to develop students communicative competence. This communicative competence does not only involve the students ability to deal correctly with language usage, but also includes the ability
34、 to use it appropriately in a real situation. Language teaching is inextricably linked with language policy. The selection of methods and materials appropriate to both the goals and the context of teaching starts with an analysis of learners needs and styles of learning, socially defined. As has alr
35、eady been mentioned previously, the central theoretical concept on communicative language teaching is “communicative competence”, a term introduced into discussions of language use and second or foreign language learning in the early 1970s, and developed in the 1980s and the 1990s.2.2 CLT in ChinaIn
36、 China, foreign language teaching methods are influenced by the language teaching methods abroad, and on the other hand, governed by the social needs. They fall into two schools, the traditional school and the reform school. The traditional school mainly refers to the grammar translation method whic
37、h emphasizes developing students grammatical competence while the reform school mainly refers to the communicative approach. CLT was introduced into China in the early 1980s and has become popular since then. Particular attention has been paid in recent years to the cultural appropriateness of the c
38、ommunicative approach as its goals and procedures have been imported into the non-western cultures. “Cultural appropriateness” is a term which is relevant to both institutions such as schools and the wider society which forms their context. In China, for example, the school culture of teacher-center
39、ed classrooms with a focus on the transmission of knowledge has been influenced partly by wider cultural notions of the teachers authority as expert and leader. The adoption of CLT in China in the past decades have raised quite a few important issues such as teacher training, materials development,
40、class size, understanding of authenticity, and testing and evaluation. Of course the hottest issue is whether CLT is appropriate to local contexts and cultures, and how it might be adapted and used by teachers and learners in different teaching situations.2.3 Traditional English Teaching Style Tradi
41、tional English language teaching pattern can be generalized as textbook-centered and classroom-based. The textbook is the only resource for both teachers and students. In a most common English class a teacher usually starts with explaining the new words and phrases of a new text, and then the conten
42、t in the text. While explaining each paragraph, he may add new language points or point out some important grammatical knowledge. To make students acquainted with the language points and grammatical knowledge, he may organize them to do some relative practice or drills and check answers. After expla
43、ining the text, the teacher may give some assignments (usually from the exercise part following the text) to students and finally correct their homework. Thats how teachers organize the class using a textbook in a classroom. What students need to do is listen to the teachers explanation and take not
44、es and review the old text and preview a new one. In this teaching pattern, the classroom is the basic place for students to learn knowledge from the teacher and the textbook. Students previewing and reviewing and some extracurricular learning activities are supplementary to classroom learning, so n
45、ot compulsory. If a student makes good preparation before a class, he may have some questions and general ideas about the text in mind. While he listens to his teachers explanation he can get more than those who have no ideas at all. If he reviews what he learns in the class regularly and repeatedly
46、, he will surely obtain a good result from this helpful learning process. On the contrary, if a student doesnt form such a learning habit and greatly relies on teachers instructions, he may possibly get less from the classroom teaching. So it is a common phenomenon that students sitting in the same
47、classroom have quite different results in learning. The key to the problem doesnt lie in the teachers work but lies in the students initiation and learning habits. Students dont bother to set up their own goals or make up their study plan or arrange their own daily learning activities, or may be weekly activities or monthly activities, for what they should learn and how to learn are absolutely under their teachers control. In the classroom teaching pattern, there is no way to distinguish teaching from learning in the sense of time because students learning activities are i
