TheDifferentCulturesBetweenChina and America in Communication Styles in Pragmatics.doc
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1、The Different Cultures Between China and America in Communication Styles in Pragmatics摘 要:随着中美关系的发展,以及英语学习的需要,越来越多的 人渴望了解更多关于美国人的生活和文化,以便很好的与其进行交流。本论文运用对比研究的方法,通过具体实例来阐述中美两国的人民在交际中存在的相似性与不同之处。并分析了产生差异的根本原因是由于两国人民所处的文化背景不同所造成的。交际的范围十分广泛,本论文只是从语用学的角度分析了两国人民在日常生活交际中所反映出来的差异。例如,两国人民对于恭维的不同反映;如何打招呼;如何称呼对
2、方;对时间和隐私的不同认识等等。最后,总结出了两国人们在交际中所表现出来的特点和原因。即,在两国人民的对话中,中国人是以听为主,美国人是以说为主。在表达自己的想法时,中国人比较间接,美国人是很直接;中国人的交际是高语境的,而美国人的交际是低语境的。通过这些对比研究,使人们更多了解中美文化的差异,更好的处理在交际中出现的问题,从而更有利于减少误解,增进中美两国人民的交往。关键词:中美交际方式; 中美文化差异; 跨文化交际; 跨文化研究 Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the nature of differences and s
3、imilarities between Americans and Chinese so as to show how they communicate with each other, and indicates notable differences between the two countries in pragmatic aspects of communication style. For example, the manners to compliments, addressing, greeting, and so on. The analyses of the two cou
4、ntries shows some significant differences between the two countries in process and flows aspects of communication style, namely, manners in which they consider their privacy; the different attitudes towards time and privacy ; and also the different politeness in Chinese and American cultures. Based
5、on the cases of the relevant contrasts between two countries, we assert that identification of communication styles of two cultures is a significant step toward better understanding of intercultural communication and misunderstandings between Chinese and American. Key words: communication styles of
6、China and America ;Chinese 1. Introduction This paper is to discuss the nature of differences and similarities between Americans and Chinese in their communication styles. Communication style in this study refers to the way people use different strategies to communicate, for example, manners of reac
7、ting to compliments, addressing, greeting, and so on. More specifically; it refers to the manners of talking and listening in daily communication. Peoples communication in this study is defined as communication that takes place in a face -to-face situation in a conversation or daily life. A qualitat
8、ive analysis of the two countries shows some significant differences between the two countries in process and flows aspects of communication style, namely, manners in which they consider their privacy; the different attitudes towards time and virtue; and also the different politeness in Chinese and
9、American cultures. In other words, this study is designed to examine how people talk and listen, how they exchange ideas, express agreement and disagreement, and moreover, how they respond to compliments. Based on the cases of the relevant contrasts between two countries, this paper asserts that ide
10、ntification of communication styles of two cultures is a significant step toward better understanding of intercultural communication and misunderstandings between Chinese and American.While there are quite a number of cross-cultural studies done on communication like the ones between Americans and C
11、hinese, it is difficult to make a valid assessment of differences and similarities between the two groups mainly because of lack of an objective criterion for comparison. Thus, the paper decides to embark on the comparative studies of two nationalities, because this will enable us to examine the nat
12、ure of such similarities and differences more objectively. The selection of two cultures is made for this study, on the assumption that intercultural communication between them will take place very frequently in the future, thus presenting considerable amount of potential problems in communication.
13、Through this comparison of the difference between Chinese and American, we know the different culture can make us know how to communicate with Americans. And also we may understand their life better. This would promote better communication with Americans.2Culture and communication2.1 The definition
14、of cultureWhat does the word culture means? It may have many answers. For different people, the word has different meanings. The Modern technical definition of culture, as socially patterned human thought and behavior, was originally proposed by the nineteenth-century British anthropologist, Edward
15、Tylor. This definition is an open-ended list, which has been extended considerably since Tylor first proposed it. There has been considerable theoretical debate by anthropologists since Tylor over the most useful attributes that a technical concept of culture should be stressed. For example, in 1952
16、 Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn, American anthropologists, published a list of 160 different definitions of culture. Although simplified in the brief table below, their list indicates the diversity of the anthropological concept of culture. Topical:Culture consists of everything on a list of top
17、ics, or categories, such as social organization, religion, or economyHistorical:Culture is social heritage, or tradition, that is passed on to future generationsBehavioral:Culture is shared, learned human behavior, a way of lifeNormative:Culture is ideals, values, or rules for livingFunctional:Cultu
18、re is the way humans solve problems of adapting to the environment or living togetherMental:Culture is a complex of ideas, or learned habits, that inhibit impulses and distinguish people from animalsStructural:Culture consists of patterned and interrelated ideas, symbols, or behaviorsSymbolic:Cultur
19、e is based on arbitrarily assigned meanings that are shared by a societyCulture involves at least three components: what people think, what they do, and the material products they produce. Thus, mental processes, beliefs, knowledge, and values are parts of culture. Some anthropologists would define
20、culture entirely as mental rules guiding behavior, although often wide divergence exists between the acknowledged rules for correct behavior and what people actually do. Consequently, some researchers pay most attention to human behavior and its material products. Culture also has several properties
21、: it is shared, learned, symbolic, transmitted cross-generational, adaptive, and integrated. The shared aspect of culture means that it is a social phenomenon; idiosyncratic behavior is not cultural. Culture is learned, not biologically inherited, and involves arbitrarily assigned, symbolic meanings
22、. For example, Americans are not born knowing that the color white means purity, and indeed this is not a universal cultural symbol. The human ability to assign arbitrary meaning to any object, behavior or condition makes people enormously creative and readily distinguishes culture from animal behav
23、ior. People can teach animals to respond to cultural symbols, but animals do not create their own symbols. Furthermore, animals have the capability of limiting the tool manufacture and use, but human tools using is extensive enough to rank as qualitatively different and human tools often carry heavy
24、 symbolic meanings. The symbolic element of human language, especially speech, is again a vast qualitative expansion over animal communication systems. Speech is infinitely more productive and allows people to communicate about things that are remote in time and space. Some researchers believe that
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